illumination

Examples of illumination in the following topics:

• Illuminated Manuscripts

  • Illuminated manuscripts where highly ornate texts with decorated initials and illustrations in the margins.
  • Illuminated manuscripts where highly ornate texts with decorated initials and illustrations in the margins.
  • The technical definition of an illuminated manuscript requires the use of gold or silver in the illumination.
  • Instead, artists remained heavily influenced by Jean Pucelle, and other gothic-era manuscript illuminators.
  • Discuss conditions in late medieval France that gave rise to illuminated manuscripts and their style

• Illuminated Manuscripts

  • In the first millennium, Gospel Books were often illuminated.
  • Many Psalters were also heavily illuminated in both the Romanesque and the Gothic periods.
  • Other books, both liturgical and not, continued to be illuminated at all periods.
  • Among these books, illuminations were often found in full treatises on the sciences, especially astrology and medicine, where illuminations were used to provide profuse and accurate representations with the text.
  • The introduction of printing rapidly led to the decline of illumination.

• Romanesque Illustrated Books

  • Many books of worship produced during the Romanesque period were characterized by illuminated manuscript.
  • The typical focii of Romanesque illumination and illustrated books were the Bible, where each book could be prefaced by a large historiated initial, and the Psalter, where major initials were similarly illuminated.
  • Also known as the York Psalter, the Hunterian Psalter is an illuminated manuscript of the 12th century.
  • The Fécamp Bible is an illuminated Latin Bible produced in Paris during the late 13th century.
  • Identify the most well-known examples of illuminated bibles and psalters during the Romanesque period.

• Illuminated Manuscripts

  • During the early to mid 1400s, illuminated books were considered a high art form, and Burgundy (Flanders) was a center of such production.
  • The Gothic period, which generally saw an increase in the production of illuminated manuscripts, also saw more secular works such as chronicles and works of literature illuminated.
  • During the early to mid 1400s, illuminated books were considered a higher art form than panel painting.
  • In reality, illuminators were often well-known and acclaimed and many of their identities have survived.
  • Examine the market for illuminated manuscripts in northern Europe during the Gothic period and how it changed

• Illustrated Books in the Early Middle Ages

  • In the strict definition of the term, an illuminated manuscript only refers to manuscripts decorated with gold or silver.
  • Had it not been for the monastic scribes of Late Antiquity who produced both illuminated and non-illuminated manuscripts, most literature of ancient Greece and Rome would have perished in Europe.
  • Illuminated manuscripts were written on the best quality of parchment, called vellum.
  • By the sixteenth century, the introduction of printing and paper rapidly led to the decline of illumination, although illuminated manuscripts continued to be produced in much smaller numbers for the very wealthy.
  • Describe the history and characteristics of illuminated manuscripts in Insular art.

• Ottonian Illustrated Books in the Early European Middle Ages

  • Ottonian monasteries produced lavish illuminated manuscripts under the sponsorship of emperors, bishops, and other wealthy patrons.
  • The most richly illuminated manuscripts were used for display and most likely to be liturgical books, including psalters, gospel books, and huge illuminated complete Bibles.
  • Illuminated manuscripts were enclosed in ornate metal book covers decorated with gems and ivory carvings.
  • The Pericopes of Henry II (1002-1012) is a luxurious medieval illuminated manuscript made for Henry II, the last Ottonian Holy Roman Emperor.
  • The manuscript, which is lavishly illuminated, is a product of the Liuthar Circle of illuminators, who were working in the monastery at Reichenau.

• Norman Painting

  • Norman painting, like other Romanesque painting of its time, is best demonstrated by illuminated manuscripts, wall paintings, and stained glass.
  • The typical foci of Romanesque illuminations were the Bible and the Psalter.
  • Illuminated Manuscript, The Three Magi from the St.
  • The typical foci of Romanesque illumination, such as this one pictured, were the Bible and the Psalter.
  • Discuss the illuminated manuscripts and wall paintings in Normandy and England during the Romanesque period

• Enhancement of Microscopy

  • Bright field: This technique increases the contrast by illuminating the surface on which the objects sit from below.
  • Oblique illumination: This technique illuminates the object from the side, giving it a three-dimensional appearance and highlighting features that would otherwise not be visible.

• Beatus Manuscripts

  • Often referred to simply as the Beatus, it is used today to reference any of the extant manuscript copies of this work, especially any of the twenty-six illuminated copies that have survived.
  • However, the surviving twenty-six of these manuscripts are lavishly decorated in the Mozarabic, Romanesque, or Gothic style of illumination.
  • Mozarabic art features a combination of (Hispano) Visigothic and Islamic art styles, as in the Beatus manuscripts, which combine Insular art illumination forms with Arabic-influenced geometric designs .

• Holography

  • It involves the use of a laser, interference, diffraction, light intensity recording and suitable illumination of the recording.
  • Laser: Holograms are recorded using a flash of light that illuminates a scene and then imprints on a recording medium, much in the way a photograph is recorded.
  • One beam (known as the illumination or object beam) is spread using lenses and directed onto the scene using mirrors.
  • When this beam illuminates the hologram, it is diffracted by the hologram's surface pattern.
  • When this beam illuminates the hologram, it is diffracted by the hologram's surface pattern.