New Policies

Examples of New Policies in the following topics:

• Policy Implementation

  • Policy implementation is the fourth phase of the policy cycle in which adopted policies are put into effect.
  • When no existing agency has the capabilities to carry out a given policy, new agencies must be established and staffed.
  • Roosevelt under the New Deal.
  • The above issues with policy implementation have led some scholars to conclude that new policy initiatives will either fail to get off the ground or will take considerable time to be enacted.
  • The most surprising aspect of the policy process may be that policies are implemented at all.

• Nixon and the Economy

  • Nixon's domestic policies were shaped by the ideas of New Federalism, which proposes the decentralization of political power.
  • Nixon's broader philosophy on domestic policy was informed by the ideas of New Federalism, which proposed the decentralization of political power and the transfer of certain powers from the United States federal government back to the states.
  • The primary objective of New Federalism, as opposed to the 18th-century political philosophy of Federalism, is the restoration to the states some of the autonomy and power which they lost to the federal government during the New Deal, including the power to administer social programs.
  • Pursuing New Federalist policies, Nixon's budget included grants to the states and the sharing of federal revenue with states.
  • Because Nixon made the decision without consulting any interested foreign parties, the international community deemed the new American policies the "Nixon Shock."

• Impact of Dividend Policy on Clientele

  • Change in a firm's dividend policy may cause loss of old clientele and gain of new clientele, based on their different dividend preferences.
  • On the other hand, the firm may attract a new clientele group if its new dividend policy appeals to the group's dividend preferences.
  • After all, clientele can just choose to sell off their holdings if they dislike a firm's policy change, and the firm may simultaneously attract a new subset of clientele who like the policy change.
  • This is true as long as the "market" for dividend policy is in equilibrium, where demand for such a policy meets the supply.
  • The clientele effect's real world implication is that what matters is not the content of the dividend policy, but rather the stability of the policy.

• Automatic Stabilizers Versus Discretionary Policy

  • In fiscal policy, there are two different approaches to stabilizing the economy: automatic stabilizers and discretionary policy.
  • Discretionary policy is a macroeconomic policy based on the judgment of policymakers in the moment, as opposed to a policy set by predetermined rules.
  • Examples may include passing a new spending bill that promotes a certain cause, such as green technology, or the creation of a federal jobs program .
  • With discretionary policy there is a significant time lag.
  • The Works Progress Administration (WPA) was part of the New Deal.

• Expansionary Versus Contractionary Fiscal Policy

  • Keynes advocated counter-cyclical fiscal policies (policies that acted against the tide of the business cycle).
  • This is known as expansionary fiscal policy.
  • The government could stimulate a great deal of new production with a modest expenditure increase if the people who receive this money consume most of it.
  • The effects of fiscal policy can be limited by crowding out.
  • The government can implement expansionary fiscal policy through increased spending, such as paying for the construction of new highways.

• Issue Identification and Agenda Building

  • The media can also keep issues off of the policy agenda by giving the impression that an issue does not require resolution through the policy process.
  • In addition to the power of certain groups and the media, significant events can act as policy triggers that immediately move issues onto the policy agenda.
  • The terrorist attack in New York City on 9/11/2001 is an example of an event that brought terrorism, national security, weapons of mass destruction, and relations toward Iraq to the forefront of the national and international policy agendas.
  • It is important to note, however, that not all issues that move onto policy agendas complete the policy process to become laws.
  • The BP oil spill is an example of a crisis that changed the national policy agenda by reversing Obama's planned policy to loosen restrictions on coastal drilling.

• The Effect of Expansionary Monetary Policy

  • Monetary policy is referred to as either being expansionary or contractionary.
  • Expansionary policy seeks to accelerate economic growth, while contractionary policy seeks to restrict it.
  • Expansionary policy attempts to promote aggregate demand growth.
  • Monetary policy focuses on the first two elements.
  • This leads to an increase in jobs to build the new facilities and to staff the new positions.

• Environmental Policy

  • Environmental policy in the U.S. has become highly contentious, competitive, and political.
  • One of the enduring conflicts in environmental policy is between environmental and business interests.
  • The Green Jobs movement focuses on combining needed new employment opportunities in low-income neighborhoods and neighborhoods of color with environment improvements in those same neighborhoods.
  • Finally, because the U.S. has to share the Earth with all of the other countries, U.S. environmental policy is always international policy as well.
  • The EPA is just one of the various bureaus involved in U.S. environmental policy.

• Social Regulation

  • The Malcolm Wiener Center for Social Policy at Harvard University describes it as "public policy and practice in the areas of health care, human services, criminal justice, inequality, education, and labor. "
  • The Malcolm Wiener Center for Social Policy at Harvard University describes it as "public policy and practice in the areas of health care, human services, criminal justice, inequality, education, and labor. "
  • Important areas of social policy are the welfare state, social security, unemployment insurance, environmental policy, pensions, health care, social housing, social care, child protection, social exclusion, education policy, crime, and criminal justice.
  • The term 'social policy' can also refer to policies which govern human behavior.
  • Other forms of regulation and deregulation came in waves: the deregulation of big business in the Gilded Age, which led to President Theodore Roosevelt's trust busting from 1901 to 1909; more deregulation and Laissez-Faire economics in the 1920's, which was followed by the Great Depression and intense governmental regulation under Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal; and President Ronald Reagan's deregulation of business in the 1980s.

• Policy Making and Special Interests

  • Many different types of groups attempt to influence United States policy.
  • For instance, certain demographic groups may favor policies that benefit them the most.
  • Foreign governments can also behave as interest groups when it comes to U.S. foreign policy.
  • For instance, Saudi Arabia launched a lobbying campaign to improve its image in the United States after it came under criticism for failing to crack down on terrorist groups after the 9/11 attack in New York.
  • First, the number of people affected plays a role in what policies are adopted.