Second Atlantic System

Examples of Second Atlantic System in the following topics:

• The Triangular Trade

  • The Atlantic slave trade took place across the Atlantic Ocean, predominantly from the 16th to the 19th centuries.
  • During the First Atlantic System, most of these traders were Portuguese, giving them a near-monopoly during the era, although some Dutch, English, and French traders also participated in the slave trade.
  • The Second Atlantic System, from the 17th through early 19th centuries, was the trade of enslaved Africans dominated by British, French, and Dutch merchants.
  • Most Africans sold into slavery during the Second Atlantic System were sent to the Caribbean sugar islands as European nations developed economically slave-dependent colonies through sugar cultivation.
  • The term triangular trade is used to characterize much of the Atlantic trading system from the 16th to early 19th centuries, in which three main commodity-types—labor, crops, and manufactured goods—were traded in three key Atlantic geographic regions.

• England and the High Seas

  • Throughout the 17th century, the British established numerous successful American colonies and dominated the Atlantic slave trade, which eventually led to creating the most powerful European empire.
  • In 1562, the English Crown encouraged the privateers John Hawkins and Francis Drake to engage in slave-raiding attacks against Spanish and Portuguese ships off the coast of West Africa with the aim of breaking into the Atlantic trade system.
  • Drake carried out the second circumnavigation of the world in a single expedition, from 1577 to 1580, and was the first to complete the voyage as captain while leading the expedition throughout the entire circumnavigation.
  • In 1583, he embarked on a second attempt, on this occasion to the island of Newfoundland whose harbor he formally claimed for England, although no settlers were left behind.
  • The colonies soon adopted the system of sugar plantations, successfully used by the Portuguese in Brazil, which depended on slave labor, and—at first—Dutch ships, to sell the slaves and buy the sugar.

• The Spreading Conflict

  • The result of the Congress was the Continental Association, which was a system for implementing a trade boycott with Great Britain.
  • By the time of the Second Continental Congress, fighting was underway .
  • The Continental Association was a system created by the First Continental Congress in 1774 for implementing a trade boycott with Great Britain.
  • However, the British retaliated by blocking colony access to the North Atlantic Fishing Area.
  • Examine how the approach of the Second Continental Congress differed from the First

• Economic Nationalism

  • The "American System," a term synonymous with "National System" and "Protective System," was a system of economics that represented the legacy of Alexander Hamilton, secretary of the treasury under George Washington's presidency.
  • Other programs included the assignment of army engineer officers to assist or direct the surveying and construction of early railroads and canals; the establishment of the First and Second Banks of the United States; and various protectionist measures such as the Tariff of 1828.
  • The American System was supported by New England and the Mid-Atlantic; these states had a large manufacturing base, and the System protected their new factories from foreign competition.
  • The South, however, opposed the American System.
  • Henry Clay is considered the Father of the American System of economics.

• Jackson's Democratic Agenda

  • Jacksonian democracy was built on the general principles of expanded suffrage, manifest destiny, patronage, strict constructionism, Laissez-Faire capitalism, and opposition to the Second Bank of the United States.
  • Manifest Destiny was the belief that white Americans had a destiny to settle the American West with yeoman farmers and to consolidate political control over lands from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific.
  • Also known as the spoils system, patronage was the policy of appointing political supporters to government offices.
  • This position was one basis for the Jacksonians' opposition to the Second Bank of the United States.
  • The Jacksonians opposed government-granted monopolies to banks, especially the central bank known as the Second Bank of the United States.

• The Middle Classes

  • Economic patterns of the middle class in the mid-Atlantic region were very similar to those in New England, with some variations for the ethnic origins of various immigrant communities.
  • Before 1720, most colonists in the mid-Atlantic region worked with small-scale farming and paid for imported manufactures by supplying the West Indies with corn and flour.
  • After 1720, mid-Atlantic farming was stimulated by the international demand for wheat.
  • About 60 percent of white Virginians, for example, were part of a broad middle class that owned substantial farms; by the second generation of settlers, death rates from malaria and other local diseases had declined so much that a stable family structure was possible.
  • Differentiate between the economic activities of the middle classes of the New England, mid-Atlantic, and Southern colonies

• The Setbacks in the Atlantic

  • The U-boat fleet, which was to dominate so much of the Battle of the Atlantic, was small at the beginning of the war.
  • The Royal Navy quickly introduced a convoy system for the protection of trade that gradually extended out from the British Isles, eventually reaching as far as Panama, Bombay, and Singapore.
  • In the South Atlantic, British forces were stretched by the cruise of Admiral Graf Spee, which sank nine merchant ships of 50,000 GRT in the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans during the first three months of war.
  • After this initial burst of activity, the Atlantic campaign quieted down.
  • Discuss the initial Allied setbacks in the Atlantic, including Churchill's failed "offensive" strategy.

• Archaeology and History

  • The second approach is the long chronology theory, which proposes that the first group of people entered these continents at a much earlier date, possibly 50,000 to 40,000 years ago or even earlier.
  • The theory envisions these people making the crossing between the continents in small boats via the edge of the pack ice in the North Atlantic Ocean that then extended to the Atlantic coast of France, using skills similar to those of the modern Inuit people.
  • In response, Bradley and Stanford contend that because the group of Solutreans who eventually crossed the North Atlantic and colonized the New World were from a specific subset of the larger European parent group, they may not have shared all Solutrean cultural traits.
  • The archaeological record in the Americas is divided into five phases according to an enduring system established in Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips' 1958 book Method and Theory in American Archaeology.
  • This system contrasts from old-world prehistory in which the terms Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, Chalcolithic, and Bronze Age are generally used.

• Slavery and Empire

  • Slavery was more than a labor system; it also influenced every aspect of colonial thought and culture.
  • Slavery and the African slave trade quickly became a building block of the colonial economy and an integral part of expanding and developing the British commercial empire in the Atlantic world.
  • The vast majority of slaves shipped across the Atlantic were sent to the Caribbean sugar colonies, Brazil, or Spanish America.
  • The transport of slaves to the American colonies accelerated in the second half of the 17th century.
  • Unlike their counterparts in the Caribbean, however, American slaves never successfully overthrew the system of slavery in the colonies and would not gain freedom until legislative decree made after the United States Civil War.

• Hurricane Katrina

  • Hurricane Katrina was the deadliest and most destructive Atlantic hurricane of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season.
  • The most significant number of deaths occurred in New Orleans, Louisiana, which flooded as the levee system catastrophically failed.
  • The storm weakened before making its second landfall as a Category 3 storm on the morning of Monday, August 29 in southeast Louisiana.
  • Army Corps of Engineers is federally mandated in the Flood Control Act of 1965 with responsibility for the conception, design, and construction of the region's flood-control system.
  • Bush was unable to shake this characterization, and it underscored the disappointments of his second term.