Examples of Oxidative Phosphorylation in the following topics:
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- Oxidative Phosphorylation: Produces ATP from NADH, oxygen, and H+.
- This process is very inefficient compared to aerobic respiration, as without oxidative phosphorylation, the cell cannot produce nearly as much ATP (2 ATP compared to 38 during cellular respiration).
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- There are two principal ways to categorize muscle fibers: the type of myosin (fast or slow) present, and the degree of oxidative phosphorylation that the fiber undergoes.
- These fibers are suited for endurance activities and are slow to fatigue because they use oxidative metabolism to generate ATP.
- These fibers are efficient for short bursts of speed and power and use both oxidative and anaerobic metabolisms depending on the particular sub-type.
- With training, a higher level of effort can be sustained for extended periods, using oxygen and oxidative phosphorylation as the primary energy source.
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- Binding of IGF-I to its receptors normally initiates signaling cascades involving phosphorylation of extracellular signal related kinase (ERK 1/2) and cyclin-dependent kinase (AKT).
- Further, estrogen offers an antioxidant effect at the cellular level in that it can stop oxidation induced by Ab exposure.
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- The mechanism that leads to vasoconstriction results from the increased concentration of calcium (Ca2+ ions) and phosphorylated myosin within vascular smooth muscle cells.
- This enzyme is responsible for phosphorylating the light chain of myosin to stimulate cross bridge cycling.
- As with vasoconstriction vasodilation is modulated by calcium ion concentration and myosin phosphorylation within vascular smooth muscle cells.
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- Because cells can only produce adenosine at a rate of about 2% of the cell's total need per hour, even restoring oxygen is futile at this point because there is no adenosine to phosphorylate into ATP.
- Because cells can only produce adenosine at a rate of about 2% of the cell's total need per hour, even restoring oxygen is futile at this point because there is no adenosine to phosphorylate into ATP.
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- Many diseases that involve damage to RBCs (hemolytic anemias, sepsis, malaria, pernicious or nutritional anemias) or normal cellular processes that cause cellular damage (oxidative stress) may increase the rate of eryptosis.
- Conversely, erythropotein and nitric oxide (a vasodilator) will inhibit eryptosis.
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- A series of chemical reactions called an oxidative burst occurs, which uses reactive oxygen species and NADPH oxidase to damage and kill the pathogen through oxidative stress.
- Oxidative stress can kill a cell through DNA, cell membrane, or mitochondrial damage.
- For instance, other receptors may be used to engulf pathogens, and other non-oxidative methods (such as lysozyme) exist to kill the phagocytized pathogen.
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- Carbon monoxide is a product of incomplete combustion of organic matter due to insufficient oxygen supply to enable complete oxidation to carbon dioxide (CO2).
- The rate of dissociation between carbon monoxide and cytochrome oxidase is slow, causing a relatively prolonged impairment of oxidative metabolism.
- Carbon monoxide causes endothelial cell and platelet release of nitric oxide, and the formation of oxygen free radicals including peroxynitrite.
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- Sunscreens contain one or more of the following ingredients: organic chemical compounds that absorb ultraviolet light; inorganic particulates that reflect, scatter, and absorb UV light (such as titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, or a combination of both); organic particulates that mostly absorb light-like organic chemical compounds but contain multiple chromophores, may reflect and scatter a fraction of light like inorganic particulates, and behave differently in formulations than organic chemical compounds.
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- In biochemistry, eicosanoids are signaling molecules made by oxidation of 20 carbon essential fatty acids (EFAs).