Journalist
A journalist collects, writes, and distributes news and other information. A journalist's work is referred to as journalism. A reporter is a type of journalist who researches, writes, conducts interviews, and makes reports. Reporters may split their time between working in a newsroom and going into the field to witness events or to conduct interviews. Reporters may be assigned a specific beat or area of coverage. Depending on the context, the term journalist may include various types of editors, editorial writers, columnists, and visual journalists, such as photojournalists.
Journalism has developed a variety of ethics and standards. While objectivity and a lack of bias are often considered important, some types of journalism, such as advocacy journalism , intentionally adopt a non-objective viewpoint.
Journalists may expose themselves to danger, particularly when reporting in areas of armed conflict or in states that do not respect the freedom of the press. Organizations such as the Committee to Protect Journalists and Reporters Without Borders publish reports on press freedom and advocate for journalistic freedom. As of November 2011, the Committee to Protect Journalists reports that 887 journalists have been killed worldwide since 1992. The Committee to Protect Journalists also reports that as of December 1, 2010, 145 journalists were jailed worldwide for their work. Current numbers are even higher. The five countries with the largest number of currently-imprisoned journalists are Burma (13), Eritrea (17), Iran (34), China (34), and Turkey (95).
Broadcast journalism is journalism published through the radio, the television, or the Internet. Radio was the first medium for broadcast journalism. Many of the first radio stations were co-operative non-profit community radio ventures. Eventually, radio pioneered advertising as a method to pay for its programs.
Programming can be locally produced, broadcast by a radio network, or aired by syndication. In radio news, stories include "sound bites", which are the recorded sounds of events themselves, introduced by the anchor or host.
The radio industry has undergone a radical consolidation of ownership, with fewer companies owning the thousands of national stations. Large media conglomerates own most of the radio stations in the United States. This has resulted in more "niche" formats and the sharing of resources within clusters of stations, which de-emphasize local news, such as information pertaining to local emergencies. In addition, these conglomerates greatly narrow the range of political views expressed.
Television news is considered by many to be the most influential medium for journalism. For most of the American public, local news and national TV newscasts are their primary news sources. Television journalism viewership has become fragmented due to the emergence of 24-hour cable news channels such as Cable News Network (CNN) in 1980 and Fox News Channel as well as MSNBC in the 1990s.
Convergence is the sharing and cross-promoting of content from a variety of media, which in theory might all converge and become one medium eventually. In broadcast news, the Internet is a key part of this convergence. Frequently, broadcast journalists also write text stories for the Web, usually accompanied by the graphics and sound of the original story. Web sites also offer the audience an interactive form where they can learn more about a story, can be referred to related articles, and can offer comments on the publication.
A newscaster (short for "news broadcaster") is a presenter of news bulletins. This person may perform electronic news gathering (ENG) as well as a compile the script for a news bulletin with a television producer.
Newsroom WHIO
The anchor delivers the news from a news desk, which is located on a news set.
Prior to the television era, radio broadcasts often mixed news with opinion and each presenter strove for a distinctive style. These presenters were referred to as commentators. The last major figure to present commentary in the news broadcast format in the US was Paul Harvey. Today, commentary is generally presented in the talk show format. The term "newscaster" came into common use to distinguish presenters of straight news broadcasts from commentators.
In the United States and Canada, news anchors present material prepared for a news program and, at times, must improvise commentary for live presentation . Many anchors are also write and edit the news for their programs. The term "anchorman" was used to describe Walter Cronkite's role at the Democratic and Republican National conventions.
Walter Cronkite
Walter Cronkite, the iconic anchor of CBS Evening News, on location during the Vietnam War.