Chapter 7
Deviance, Social Control, and Crime
By Boundless
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Deviance refers to behaviors that violate social norms.
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Norms are social rules of behavior, and a sanction is a form of punishment against violation of different norms.
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Social stigma in deviance is the disapproval of a person because they do not fit the require social norms that are given in society.
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Advances in technology have resulted in new forms of deviance as well as new forms of control.
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Deviance provides society the boundaries to determine acceptable and unacceptable behaviors in society.
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Social control theory argues that relationships, commitments, values, and beliefs encourage conformity.
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Conformity is the act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group norms.
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Informal social control refers to the reactions of individuals and groups that bring about conformity to norms and laws.
Formal means of social control are generally state-determined, through the creation of laws and their enforcement.
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Sociological theories of deviance are those that use social context and social pressures to explain deviance.
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A biological theory of deviance proposes that an individual deviates from social norms largely because of their biological makeup.
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Psychological theories of deviance use a deviant's psychology to explain his motivation or compulsion to violate social norms.
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Functionalism claims that deviance help to create social stability by presenting explanations of non-normative and normative behaviors.
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Strain theory states that social structures within society may pressure citizens to commit crimes.
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Illegitimate opportunity structures are the rules that operate within deviant subcultures.
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Conflict theories emphasize the social, political, or material inequality of a social group, that critique the broad socio-political system.
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Class structure within the criminal justice system helps determine the types of crimes individuals will commit.
Power and inequality determine the socioeconomic conditions of different classes.
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Oppression is the exercise of authority or power in a burdensome, cruel, or unjust manner.
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Differential association is when individuals base their behaviors by association and interaction with others.
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Control theory explains that societal institutions without strong control of society can result in deviant behavior.
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Labeling theory holds that deviance is not inherent to an act, but instead the result of the externally-imposed label of "deviant".
Crime is the breach of rules or laws for which some governing authority can ultimately prescribe a conviction.
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Criminal law, as opposed to civil law, is the body of law that relates to crime and that defines conduct that is not allowed.
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Crime statistics attempt to provide statistical measures of the crime in societies.
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Juvenile delinquency is participation in illegal behaviors by minors. A juvenile delinquent is typically under the age of 18.
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A violent crime is a crime in which the offender uses or threatens to use violent force upon the victim.
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Property crime only involves the taking of money or property, and does not involve force or threat of force against a victim.
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White-collar crime is a financially motivated, nonviolent crime committed for illegal monetary gain.
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Organized crime refers to transnational, national, or local groupings of highly centralized enterprises run by criminals.
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The police are a constituted body of persons empowered by the state to enforce the law, protect property, and limit civil disorder.
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A court is a form of tribunal with the authority to adjudicate legal disputes between parties, and carry out the administration of justice.
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A prison is a place in which people are physically confined and, usually, deprived of a range of personal freedoms.
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Capital punishment is a legal process whereby a person is put to death by the state as a punishment for a crime.