socialism

Examples of socialism in the following topics:

• Economic and Social Impacts of Imperialism in India

• The Caste System

  • Caste systems through which social status was inherited developed independently in ancient societies all over the world, including the Middle East, Asia, and Africa.
  • The caste system in ancient India was used to establish separate classes of inhabitants based upon their social positions and employment functions in the community.
  • The castes were a form of social stratification in Aryan India characterized by the hereditary transmission of lifestyle, occupation, ritual status, and social status.
  • These distinct gender roles may have contributed to the social stratification of the caste system.
  • The caste system that influenced the social structure of Aryan India has been maintained to some degree into modern-day India.

• Society Under the Shang Dynasty

  • It featured a stratified social system made up of aristocrats, soldiers, artisans and craftsmen, and peasants.
  • The Shang military were next in social status, and who were respected and honored for their skill.
  • At the bottom of the social ladder were the peasants, the poorest of Chinese citizens.

• Natural Rights

  • The question of the relation between natural and legal rights, therefore, is often an aspect of social contract theory.
  • Such fundamental rights could not be surrendered in the social contract.
  • In discussion of social contract theory, "inalienable rights" were those rights that could not be surrendered by citizens to the sovereign.
  • Some social contract theorists reasoned, however, that in the natural state only the strongest could benefit from their rights.
  • Thomas Hobbes'  1651 book Leviathan established social contract theory, the foundation of most later Western political philosophy.

• Culture Under the Song Dynasty

  • Social life and culture during the Song was vibrant and diverse, with important achievements in the arts and lively popular entertainment.
  • The Song dynasty was an era of administrative sophistication and complex social organization.
  • The Song government supported social welfare programs, including the establishment of retirement homes, public clinics, and paupers' graveyards.
  • Although women were on a lower social tier than men (according to Confucian ethics), they enjoyed many social and legal privileges and wielded considerable power at home and in their own small businesses.
  • The populace engaged in a vibrant social and domestic life, enjoying such public festivals as the Lantern Festival and the Qingming Festival.

• The Ancien Regime

  • The Ancien Régime was the social and political system functioning in the Kingdom of France from the 15th until the end of the 18th centuries that was based on the rigid division of the society into three disproportionate and unequally treated classes.
  • The Ancien Régime (Old Regime or Former Regime) was the social and political system established in the Kingdom of France from approximately the 15th century until the latter part of the 18th century under the late Valois and Bourbon dynasties.
  • The term is occasionally used to refer to the similar feudal social and political order of the time elsewhere in Europe.
  • The estates of the realm were the broad orders of social hierarchy used in Christendom (Christian Europe) from the medieval period to early modern Europe.
  • The fundamental issue of poverty was aggravated by social inequality as all peasants were liable to pay taxes, from which the nobility could claim immunity, and feudal dues payable to a local lord.

• Jean-Jacques Rousseau

  • Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a Francophone Genevan philosopher and writer, whose conceptualization of social contract, theory of natural human, and works on education greatly influenced the political, philosophical, and social Western tradition.
  • The Social Contract outlines the basis for a legitimate political order within a framework of classical republicanism.
  • According to Rousseau, by joining together into civil society through the social contract and abandoning their claims of natural right, individuals can both preserve themselves and remain free.

• Introduction to the Enlightenment

  • John Locke and Rousseau also developed social contract theories.
  • While differing in details, Locke, Hobbes, and Rousseau agreed that a social contract, in which the government's authority lies in the consent of the governed, is necessary for man to live in civil society.
  • Though much of Enlightenment political thought was dominated by social contract theorists, some Scottish philosophers, most notably David Hume and Adam Ferguson, criticized this camp.
  • Theirs was the assumption that governments derived from  a ruler's authority and force (Hume) and polities grew out of social development rather than social contract (Ferguson).
  • She suggests that both men and women should be treated as rational beings and imagines a social order founded on reason.

• Thomas Hobbes

  • Thomas Hobbes, an English philosopher and scientist, was one of the key figures in the political debates of the Enlightenment period, who introduced a social contract theory based on the relation between the absolute sovereign and the civil society.
  • Hobbes was the first modern philosopher to articulate a detailed social contract theory that appeared in his 1651 work Leviathan.
  • So in order to avoid it, people accede to a social contract and establish a civil society.

• France at the End of the Interwar Period

  • During the interwar period, war-torn France collected reparations from Germany, in some cases through occupation, suffered social upheaval and the consequent rise of socialism, and promoted defensive foreign policies.