clone

Examples of clone in the following topics:

• Reproductive Cloning

  • Reproductive cloning, possible through artificially-induced asexual reproduction, is a method used to make a clone of an entire organism.
  • Reproductive cloning is a method used to make a clone or an identical copy of an entire multicellular organism.
  • This idea forms the basis for reproductive cloning.
  • It can be used for either therapeutic cloning or reproductive cloning.
  • Dolly the sheep was the first mammal to be cloned.

• Modern Applications of DNA

  • Reproductive cloning is a method used to make a clone or an identical copy of an entire multicellular organism.
  • In cloning both the original organism and the clone have identical DNA.
  • Cloning became an issue in scientific ethics when a sheep became the first mammal cloned from an adult cell in 1996.
  • There have been attempts at producing cloned human embryos as sources of embryonic stem cells, sometimes referred to as 'cloning for therapeutic purposes'.
  • Dolly the sheep was the first large mammal to be cloned.

• Molecular and Cellular Cloning

  • Molecular cloning reproduces the desired regions or fragments of a genome, enabling the manipulation and study of genes.
  • In general, the word "cloning" means the creation of a perfect replica; however, in biology, the re-creation of a whole organism is referred to as "reproductive cloning."
  • Long before attempts were made to clone an entire organism, researchers learned how to reproduce desired regions or fragments of the genome, a process that is referred to as molecular cloning.
  • In cloning, the plasmid molecules can be used to provide a "folder" in which to insert a desired DNA fragment.
  • Unicellular organisms, such as bacteria and yeast, naturally produce clones of themselves when they replicate asexually by binary fission; this is known as cellular cloning.

• Production of Vaccines, Antibiotics, and Hormones

  • Modern techniques use the genes of microorganisms cloned into vectors to mass produce the desired antigen.
  • Genes cloned from the influenza virus have been used to combat the constantly-changing strains of this virus.
  • The HGH gene was cloned from a cDNA library and inserted into E. coli cells by cloning it into a bacterial vector.

• Genetic Engineering

  • In genetic engineering, an organism's genotype is altered using recombinant DNA, created by molecular cloning, to modify an organism's DNA.
  • Recombinant DNA technology, or DNA cloning, is the process of transferring a DNA fragment of interest from one organism to a self-replicating genetic element, such as a bacteria plasmid, which is called a vector.
  • The addition of foreign DNA in the form of recombinant DNA vectors generated by molecular cloning is the most common method of genetic engineering.

• Types of Sexual and Asexual Reproduction

  • Asexual and sexual reproduction, two methods of reproduction among animals, produce offspring that are clones or genetically unique.
  • Asexual reproduction produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent because the offspring are all clones of the original parent.

• Plant Reproductive Development and Structure

  • In this respect, it is a form of cloning that has been carried out by humanity for thousands of years and by plants for hundreds of millions of years.

• Prokaryotic Reproduction

  • The prokaryote, now enlarged, is pinched inward at its equator and the two resulting cells, which are clones, separate.

• Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

  • For this reason, the desired genes are cloned and expressed in animals, such as sheep, goats, chickens, and mice.
  • The crystal toxin genes have been cloned from Bt and introduced into plants.

• Cell-Mediated Immunity

  • Once activated, the TC creates a large clone of cells with one specific set of cell-surface receptors, similar to the proliferation of activated B cells.
  • As with B cells, the clone includes active TC cells and inactive memory TC cells.