Chapter 17
Biotechnology and Genomics
By Boundless
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Relying on the study of DNA, genomics analyzes entire genomes, while biotechnology uses biological agents for technological advancements.
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Basic techniques used in genetic material manipulation include extraction, gel electrophoresis, PCR, and blotting methods.
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Molecular cloning reproduces the desired regions or fragments of a genome, enabling the manipulation and study of genes.
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Reproductive cloning, possible through artificially-induced asexual reproduction, is a method used to make a clone of an entire organism.
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In genetic engineering, an organism's genotype is altered using recombinant DNA, created by molecular cloning, to modify an organism's DNA.
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Transgenic modification, adding recombinant DNA to a species, has led to the expression of desirable genes in plants and animals.
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From manipulation of mutant genes to enhanced resistance to disease, biotechnology has allowed advances in medicine.
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Biotechnological advances in gene manipulation techniques have further resulted in the production of vaccines, antibiotics, and hormones.
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Genetic maps provide information about which chromosomes contain specific genes and precisely where the genes lie on that chromosome.
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Physical maps display the physical distance between genes and can be constructed using cytogenetic, radiation hybrid, or sequence mapping.
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The strategies used for sequencing genomes include the Sanger method, shotgun sequencing, pairwise end, and next-generation sequencing.
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Sequencing genomes of model organisms allows scientists to study homologous proteins in more complex eukaryotes, such as humans.
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Genome sequences and expression can be analyzed using DNA microarrays, which can contribute to detection of disease and genetic disorders.
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Genome analysis is used to predict the level of disease risk in healthy individuals.
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The effectiveness and safety of drugs can be determined through pharmacogenomics.
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Microbial genomics can be used to create new biofuels.
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Proteomics is the study of the entire set of proteins produced by a cell type in order to understand its structure and function.
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The basic techniques used to analyze proteins are mass spectrometry, x-ray crystallography, NMR, and protein microarrays.
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Proteomics, the analysis of proteins, plays a prominent role in the study and treatment of cancer.