ionization

Examples of ionization in the following topics:

• Ionization Energy

  • This property is also referred to as the ionization potentia and is measured in volts.
  • Large atoms or molecules have low ionization energy, while small molecules tend to have higher ionization energies.
  • The ionization energy may be an indicator of the reactivity of an element.
  • Based on these two principles, the easiest element to ionize is francium and the hardest to ionize is helium.
  • This video explains the periodic trends in ionization energy....periodicity.

• Increased Cancer Risk from Radiation

  • Up to 10 percent of invasive cancers are related to radiation exposure, including both ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation.
  • Up to 10 percent of invasive cancers are related to radiation exposure, including both ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation.
  • Additionally, the vast majority of non-invasive cancers are non-melanoma skin cancers caused by non-ionizing ultraviolet radiation.
  • Exposure to ionizing radiation is known to increase the future incidence of cancer, particularly leukemia.
  • The most widely accepted model posits that the incidence of cancer due to ionizing radiation increases linearly with effective radiation dose at a rate of 5.5 percent per sievert.

• Measuring Radiation Exposure

  • Radiation dosimetry is the measurement and calculation of the absorbed dose from exposure to indirect and direct ionizing radiation.
  • Radiation dosimetry is the measurement and calculation of the absorbed dose in matter and tissue resulting from exposure to indirect and direct ionizing radiation.
  • It is a scientific subspecialty in the fields of health physics and medical physics that is focused on the calculation of internal and external doses from ionizing radiation.
  • There are several ways of measuring doses from ionizing radiation, including personal dosimeters and ionization chambers.

• Acid-Base Properties of Water

  • Water is capable of acting as either an acid or a base and can undergo self-ionization.
  • Under standard conditions, water will self-ionize to a very small extent.
  • Because this is a special equilibrium constant, specific to the self-ionization of water, it is denoted KW; it has a value of 1.0 x 10−14.
  • The self-ionization of water produces hydronium and hydroxide ions in solution.
  • Explanation of self-ionization of water and the formation of hydronium and hydroxide ions.

• Genetic Defects from Radiation

  • Ionizing radiation from fallout can cause genetic effects, birth defects, cancer, cataracts, and other organ and tissue defects.
  • Intermediate stage: from 10–12 weeks; deaths in this period are from ionizing radiation in the median lethal range.
  • Ionizing radiation from fallout can cause genetic effects, birth defects, cancer, cataracts, and other organ and tissue defects.
  • By directly or indirectly ionizing, radiation can affect a cell's ability to conduct repair and reproduction.

• Mass Spectrometry to Measure Mass

  • First, the sample is ionized.
  • Once the sample is ionized, it is passed through some form of electric or magnetic field.
  • There are a wide variety of techniques for ionizing and detecting compounds.
  • The ion source is the part of the mass spectrometer that ionizes the compound.
  • The components of the sample are ionized by one of a variety of methods, such as the ionizing filament.

• Acute Radiation Damage

  • Acute radiation syndrome or damage describes health effects present within 24 hours of exposure to high amounts of ionizing radiation.
  • Acute radiation syndrome, also known as radiation poisoning, radiation sickness, or radiation toxicity, is a constellation of health effects that are present within 24 hours of exposure to high amounts of ionizing radiation, which can last for several months.
  • Radiation sickness is caused by exposure to a large dose of ionizing radiation over a short period of time, typically greater than about 0.1 Gy/h.

• Anchimeric Assistance

  • In this manner a neighboring aromatic ring accelerates the rate-determining (endothermic) ionization step, an influence called anchimeric assistance (Greek: anchi = neighbor).
  • Both reactions begin by an initial rate-determining ionization step, the transition state of which is colored pink.
  • The essential difference is that the ionization transition state for neopentyl chloride suffers all the disadvantages associated with the generation of a 1º-carbocation; whereas, the transition state for ionization of triphenylethyl chloride is lowered in energy by its phenonium-like character.
  • Anchimeric assistance not only manifests itself in enhancement of ionization, but also influences the stereochemical outcome of reactions.
  • Since the initial ionization to phenonium intermediates is reversible, we are not surprised to find that unreacted erythro tosylate is unchanged; whereas, unreacted threo tosylate is racemized.

• Strong Acids

  • A strong acid ionizes completely in an aqueous solution by losing one proton, according to the following equation:
  • Due to the complete dissociation of strong acids in aqueous solution, the concentration of hydronium ions in the water is equal to the total concentration (ionized and un-ionized) of the acid introduced to solution:
  • A strong acid ionizes completely in an aqueous solution by losing one proton (H+).

• Electron Configuration of Cations and Anions

  • The process of gaining or losing electrons from a neutral atom or molecule is called ionization.
  • Atoms can be ionized by bombardment with radiation, but the more purely chemical process of ionization is the transfer of electrons between atoms or molecules.
  • The ionization of sodium can be chemically illustrated as follows:
  • Ionization is not limited to individual atoms; polyatomic ions can also be formed.
  • The energy required to do so may be recorded in a successive ionization energy diagram.