saturated

Examples of saturated in the following topics:

• Fatty Acids

  • Natural fatty acids may be saturated or unsaturated, and as the following data indicate, the saturated acids have higher melting points than unsaturated acids of corresponding size.
  • The higher melting points of the saturated fatty acids reflect the uniform rod-like shape of their molecules.

• Fats & Oils

  • As might be expected from the properties of the fatty acids, fats have a predominance of saturated fatty acids, and oils are composed largely of unsaturated acids.
  • These saturated and trans-fatty acid glycerides in the diet have been linked to long-term health issues such as atherosclerosis.
  • These occur when the cis-double bonds in the fatty acid chains are not completely saturated in the hydrogenation process.

• Cycloalkanes

  • Cycloalkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain a ring in their carbon backbones.
  • Cycloalkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain a ring in their carbon backbones.

• Nomenclature

  • It makes use of the same hetero atom prefix defined above (dropping the final "a"), followed by a suffix designating ring size and saturation.
  • In this respect, it is important to recognize that the saturated suffix applies only to completely saturated ring systems, and the unsaturated suffix applies to rings incorporating the maximum number of non-cumulated double bonds.
  • Saturated 3, 4 & 5-membered nitrogen heterocycles should use respectively the traditional "iridine", "etidine" & "olidine" suffix.
  • Note that when a maximally unsaturated ring includes a saturated atom, its location may be designated by a "#H " prefix to avoid ambiguity, as in pyran and pyrrole above and several examples below.

• Molar Solubility and Relative Solubility

  • Molar solubility is the number of moles of a solute that can be dissolved per liter of solution before the solution becomes saturated.
  • Molar solubility, which is directly related to the solubility product, is the number of moles of the solute that can be dissolved per liter of solution before the solution becomes saturated.
  • Once a solution is saturated, any additional solute precipitates out of the solution.

• The Common Ion Effect

  • However, if more table salt is continuously added, the solution will reach a point at which no more can be dissolved; in other words, the solution is saturated, and the table salt has effectively reached its solubility limit.
  • The amount of NaCl that could dissolve to reach the saturation point would be lowered.

• Solubility

  • The solubility of a substance in a particular solvent is measured by the concentration of the saturated solution.
  • A solution is considered saturated when adding additional solute no longer increases the concentration of the solution.

• Alkanes

  • Alkanes, also called paraffins, are a class of hydrocarbons that are fully saturated with hydrogen.
  • Saturated oils and waxes are examples of larger alkanes where the number of carbons in the carbon backbone is greater than ten.

• Irreversible Addition Reactions

  • Reduction of α,β-unsaturated ketones by metal hydride reagents sometimes leads to a saturated alcohol, especially with sodium borohydride.
  • This product is formed by an initial conjugate addition of hydride to the β-carbon atom, followed by ketonization of the enol product and reduction of the resulting saturated ketone (equation 1 below).
  • If the saturated alcohol is the desired product, catalytic hydrogenation prior to (or following) the hydride reduction may be necessary.
  • These reagents are powerful nucleophiles and very strong bases (pKa's of saturated hydrocarbons range from 42 to 50), so they bond readily to carbonyl carbon atoms, giving alkoxide salts of lithium or magnesium.

• Cycloalkanes

  • Although a cycloalkane has two fewer hydrogens than the equivalent alkane, each carbon is bonded to four other atoms so such compounds are still considered to be saturated with hydrogen.