Chapter 5
Gases
By Boundless
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Boyle's Law describes the inverse relationship between the pressure and volume of a fixed amount of gas at a constant temperature.
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Charles' and Gay-Lussac's Law states that at constant pressure, temperature and volume are directly proportional.
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Avogadro's Law states that at the same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of different gases contain an equal number of particles.
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The ideal gas equation is given by
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A reformulation of the Ideal Gas Equation involving density allows us to evaluate the behaviors of ideal gases of unknown quantity.
We can derive a form of the Ideal Gas Equation, PV=nRT, that incorporates the molar mass of the gas (M,
Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure states the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressure of each individual gas.
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The amount of gas present can be determined by collecting a gas over water and applying Dalton's Law.
Kinetic Molecular Theory explains the macroscopic properties of gases and can be used to understand and explain the gas laws.
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The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution describes the average molecular speeds for a collection of gas particles at a given temperature.
The root-mean-square speed measures the average speed of particles in a gas, defined as
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Due to their constant, random motion, gas molecules diffuse into areas of lower concentration, and effuse through tiny openings.
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Real gases deviate from the ideal gas law due to the finite volume occupied by individual gas particles.
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At high pressures and low temperatures, intermolecular forces between gas particles can cause significant deviation from ideal behavior.
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The van der Waals equation modifies the Ideal Gas Law to correct for the excluded volume of gas particles and intermolecular attractions.
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Equations other than the Ideal Gas Law model the non-ideal behavior of real gases at high pressures and low temperatures.
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Air pollution results from increasing levels of harmful molecules and particulates in the atmosphere.
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Free radicals in the upper stratosphere act as catalysts for ozone decomposition, thereby depleting the ozone layer.
- Types of Aqueous Solutions
- Precipitation Reactions
- Acid-Base Reactions
- Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
- Solution Concentration