binary acid

(noun)

molecular compounds in which hydrogen is combined with a second nonmetallic element

Related Terms

Examples of binary acid in the following topics:

  • Binary Acids

    • Binary acids are certain molecular compounds in which hydrogen is bonded with a nonmetal.
    • Binary acids are certain molecular compounds in which hydrogen is combined with a second nonmetallic element; these acids include HF, HCl, HBr, and HI.
    • The names of binary acids begin with "hydro-" followed by the name of the other element, modified to end with "-ic."
    • Binary acids are one of two classes of acids, the second being oxoacids (or oxyacids), which consist of hydrogen, oxygen, and a third element, which is often a non-metal.
    • It is a member of the binary acids.

  • Naming Acids and Bases

    • Simple acids, known as binary acids, have only one anion and one hydrogen.
    • So, HNO3 will be nitric acid.
    • Therefore, HClO4 is called perchloric acid.
    • For example, chlorous acid is HClO2.
    • For example, instead of bromic acid, HBrO3, we have hypobromous acid, HBrO.

  • Oxoacids

    • Halogen oxoacids include hypochlorous acid (HOCl); chlorous acid(HOClO); chloric acid(HOClO2); oerchloric acid(HOClO3); oerbromic acid (HOBrO3)
    • All oxoacids have the acidic hydrogen bound to an oxygen atom, so bond strength (length) is not a factor, similar to binary nonmetal acids; instead, the main determining factor for an oxacid's relative strength has to do with the central atom's electronegativity (X), as well as the number of O atoms around that central atom.
    • Consider the simple oxyacids HOI (hypoiodous acid), HOBr (hypobromous acid), and HOCl (hypochlorous acid).
    • Carboxylic acids are the most common type of organic acid.
    • Mellitic acid is an example of a hexacarboxylic acid.

  • Binary Hydrides

    • Hydrides can be used as strong bases in organic syntheses, and their reaction with weak Bronsted acids releases dihydrogen (H2).
    • Most ionic hydrides exist as "binary" materials that involve only two elements, one of which is hydrogen.
    • In these substances, the hydride bond, formally, is a covalent bond much like the bond that is made by a proton in a weak acid.
    • Such bulk transition metals form interstitial binary hydrides when exposed to hydrogen.
    • This is a space-filling model of a crystal of lithium hydride, LiH, a binary halide.

  • Halogen Compounds

    • The halogens all form binary compounds with hydrogen, and these compounds are known as the hydrogen halides: hydrogen fluoride (HF), hydrogen chloride (HCl), hydrogen bromide (HBr), hydrogen iodide (HI), and hydrogen astatide (HAt).
    • All of these except HF are strong chemical acids when dissolved in water.
    • The names of these acids are as follows:
    • All of these acids are dangerous and must be handled with great care.
    • They are also used by the body to produce stomach acid.

  • Peptidoglycan Synthesis and Cell Division

    • Peptidoglycan, also known as murein, is a polymer and consists of sugars and amino acids which form the cell walls of bacteria.
    • Some Archaea have a similar layer of pseudopeptidoglycan or pseudomurein, where the sugar residues are β-(1,3) linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid.
    • The sugar component consists of alternating residues of β-(1,4) linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid.
    • Attached to the N-acetylmuramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.
    • Peptidoglycan is also involved in binary fission during bacterial cell reproduction.

  • Generation Time

    • Bacterial growth occurs by the division of one bacterium into two daughter cells in a process called binary fission.
    • Bacterial growth is the division of one bacterium into two daughter cells in a process called binary fission.
    • Finally, the stationary phase is due to a growth-limiting factor, such as depletion of a nutrient and/or the formation of inhibitory products such as organic acids.
    • It emphasizes clonality, asexual binary division, the short development time relative to replication itself, the seemingly low death rate, the need to move from a dormant state to a reproductive state or to condition the media, and finally, the tendency of lab adapted strains to exhaust their nutrients.

  • Common Bacterial Traits

    • Bacteria grow in soil, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, water, and deep in the Earth's crust.
    • Bacteria grow to a fixed size and then reproduce through binary fission, a form of asexual reproduction .

  • The Cell Wall of Bacteria

    • These ancestral cells reproduce by means of binary fission, duplicating their genetic material and then essentially splitting to form two daughter cells identical to the parent.
    • Peptidoglycan is a huge polymer of disaccharides (glycan) cross-linked by short chains of identical amino acids (peptides) monomers.
    • The backbone of the peptidoglycan molecule is composed of two derivatives of glucose: N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetlymuramic acid (NAM) with a pentapeptide coming off NAM and varying slightly among bacteria.

  • The Halogens (Group 17)

    • The halogens all form binary compounds with hydrogen, known as the hydrogen halides: hydrogen fluoride (HF), hydrogen chloride (HCl), hydrogen bromide (HBr), hydrogen iodide (HI), and hydrogen astatide (HAt).
    • However, hydrofluoric acid is quite destructive to animal tissue.
    • The names of these acids are as follows: hydrofluoric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, and hydroiodic acid.
    • Some of these acids are also widely used in industry.
    • Dissolved chlorine reacts to form hydrochloric acid (HCl) and hypochlorous acid (HClO), a solution that can be used as a disinfectant or bleach: