Brownian motion

Examples of Brownian motion in the following topics:

• Avogador's Number

  • In his study on Brownian motion in 1905, Albert Einstein proposed that this constant could be determined based on the quantities observable in Brownian motion.

• Chance Processes

  • Familiar examples of processes modeled as stochastic time series include stock market and exchange rate fluctuations; signals such as speech, audio and video; medical data such as a patient's EKG, EEG, blood pressure or temperature; and random movement such as Brownian motion or random walks.
  • Familiar examples of processes modeled as stochastic time series include stock market and exchange rate fluctuations; signals such as speech, audio, and video; medical data such as a patient's EKG, EEG, blood pressure, or temperature; and random movement such as Brownian motion or random walks.

• Overview of Temperature and Kinetic Theory

  • The kinetic theory of gases describes a gas as a large number of small particles (atoms and molecules) in constant, random motion.
  • The kinetic theory of gases describes a gas as a large number of small particles (atoms or molecules), all of which are in constant, random motion.
  • Kinetic theory explains macroscopic properties of gases (such as pressure, temperature, and volume) by considering their molecular composition and motion.
  • Essentially, the theory posits that pressure is due not to static repulsion between molecules (as was Isaac Newton's conjecture) but rather due to collisions between molecules moving at different velocities through Brownian motion.

• Perceiving Motion

  • Motion perception happens in two ways that are generally referred to as first-order motion perception and second-order motion perception.
  • First-order motion perception occurs through specialized neurons located in the retina, which track motion through luminance.
  • However, this type of motion perception is limited.
  • One advantage to feature-tracking is that motion can be separated both by motion and by blank intervals where no motion is occurring.
  • Visual illusions offer insight into how motion is perceived.

• Defining Kinematics

  • Kinematics is the study of the motion of points, objects, and groups of objects without considering the causes of its motion.
  • Kinematics is the branch of classical mechanics that describes the motion of points, objects and systems of groups of objects, without reference to the causes of motion (i.e., forces).
  • The study of kinematics is often referred to as the "geometry of motion."
  • Objects are in motion all around us.
  • The word "kinematics" comes from a Greek word "kinesis" meaning motion, and is related to other English words such as "cinema" (movies) and "kinesiology" (the study of human motion).

• Types of Motion

  • There are four types of contrapuntal motion between two musical lines.
  • In parallel motion, two voices move in the same direction by the same generic interval.
  • This will always be true when two voices move in parallel motion.
  • In similar motion, also called direct motion, two voices move in the same direction, but by different intervals.
  • This will always be the case with similar or direct motion.

• Circular Motion

  • Uniform circular motion describes the motion of an object along a circle or a circular arc at constant speed.
  • It is the basic form of rotational motion in the same way that uniform linear motion is the basic form of translational motion.
  • However, the two types of motion are different with respect to the force required to maintain the motion.
  • Let us consider Newton's first law of motion.
  • Therefore, uniform linear motion indicates the absence of a net external force.

• Overview of Non-Uniform Circular Motion

  • Non-uniform circular motion denotes a change in the speed of a particle moving along a circular path.
  • What do we mean by non-uniform circular motion?
  • The answer lies in the definition of uniform circular motion, which is a circular motion with constant speed.
  • The circular motion adjusts its radius in response to changes in speed.
  • In non-uniform circular motion, the magnitude of the angular velocity changes over time.

• Time and Motion

  • Another technique for implying motion and/or time is the placement of a repeated element in different areas within an artwork.
  • Visual experiments in time and motion were first produced in the mid-19th century.
  • While static art forms have the ability to imply or suggest time and motion, the time-based mediums of film, video, kinetic sculpture, and performance art demonstrate time and motion by their very definitions.
  • All of these mediums use time and motion as a key aspect of their forms of expression.
  • Name some techniques and mediums used by artists to convey motion in both static and time-based art forms

• Constant Acceleration

  • Analyzing two-dimensional projectile motion is done by breaking it into two motions: along the horizontal and vertical axes.
  • Projectile motion is the motion of an object thrown, or projected, into the air, subject only to the force of gravity.
  • The motion of falling objects is a simple one-dimensional type of projectile motion in which there is no horizontal movement.
  • The key to analyzing two-dimensional projectile motion is to break it into two motions, one along the horizontal axis and the other along the vertical.
  • We analyze two-dimensional projectile motion by breaking it into two independent one-dimensional motions along the vertical and horizontal axes.