epidemiology

Examples of epidemiology in the following topics:

• Descriptive Epidemiology

  • Descriptive epidemiology focuses on describing disease distribution by characteristics relating to time, place, and people.
  • In order to accomplish this, epidemiology has two main branches: descriptive and analytical.
  • Descriptive epidemiology evaluates and catalogs all the circumstances surrounding a person affected by a health event of interest .
  • Analytical epidemiologists use data gathered by descriptive epidemiology experts to look for patterns suggesting causation.
  • The primary considerations for descriptive epidemiology are frequency and pattern.

• Social Epidemiology and Health

  • Social epidemiology studies the social distribution and social determinants of health.
  • A social epidemiological study can be conducted when a sociologist in the field identifies a cancer cluster around a particular area.
  • In this way, the epidemiological study can help point out the health hazard variables that are affecting the cancer cluster.
  • Social epidemiology is defined as "the branch of epidemiology that studies the social distribution and social determinants of health"; or in other words, "both specific features of, and pathways by which, societal conditions affect health" (Krieger, 2001).
  • The roots of social epidemiology go back Emile Durkheim's work on suicide .

• Analytical Epidemiology

  • Epidemiology draws statistical inferences, mostly about causes of disease in populations based on available samples of it.
  • Epidemiology is the study (or the science of the study) of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations.
  • Epidemiology has helped develop methodology used in clinical research, public health studies and, to some extent, basic research in the biological sciences.
  • Where descriptive epidemiology describes occurrence of disease (or of its determinants) within a population, the analytical epidemiology aims to gain knowledge on the quality and the amount of influence that determinants have on the occurrence of disease.
  • Analytical epidemiology attempts to determine the cause of an outbreak.

• Experimental Epidemiology

  • Experimental epidemiology uses an experimental model to confirm a causal relationship suggested by observational studies.
  • The identification of causal relationships between these exposures and outcomes is an important aspect of epidemiology.
  • Experimental epidemiology tests a hypothesis about a disease or disease treatment in a group of people.
  • John Snow's investigative work was one of the first examples of epidemiology.
  • Summarize the purpose of experimental epidemiology and the three case types: randomized control, field and community trial

• The Science of Epidemiology

  • Epidemiological studies include disease etiology, disease surveillance and screening, biomonitoring, and clinical trials.
  • Major areas of epidemiological study include disease etiology, outbreak investigation, disease surveillance and screening, biomonitoring, and comparisons of treatment effects such as in clinical trials.
  • The identification of causal relationships between these exposures and outcomes is an important aspect of epidemiology.
  • The complex field of epidemiology, which draws on biology, sociology, mathematics, statistics, anthropology, psychology, and policy only makes analysis even more challenging.
  • A common theme in much of the epidemiological literature is that "correlation does not imply causation. " For epidemiologists, the key is in the term inference.

• History of Epidemiology

  • Epidemiology is the study of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations.
  • Epidemiology is the study of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations.
  • His identification of the Broad Street pump as the cause of the Soho epidemic is considered the classic example of epidemiology.
  • In the early 20th century, mathematical methods were introduced into epidemiology by Ronald Ross, Anderson Gray McKendrick and others.
  • Describe the key events in the development of the field of epidemiology

• The Vocabulary Epidemiology

  • Epidemiology is the study of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in set populations.
  • However, the term is widely used in studies of zoological populations (veterinary epidemiology) and of plant populations (botanical or plant disease epidemiology).
  • Outbreak is a term used in epidemiology to describe an occurrence of disease greater than would otherwise be expected at a particular time and place.
  • The term epidemiology is now widely applied to cover the description and causation of not only epidemic disease, but of disease in general, and even many non-disease health-related conditions, such as high blood pressure and obesity.
  • In epidemiology, the term morbidity rate can refer to either the incidence rate, or the prevalence of a disease, or medical condition.

• Finding Patient Zero and Tracking Diseases

  • The index case is identified in epidemiology studies by tracking down the infected patients to try to determine how the disease originated.
  • The index or primary case is the initial patient in the population of an epidemiological investigation.
  • The index case is identified in epidemiology studies by tracking down the infected patients to try to determine how the disease originated.
  • This epidemiological study showed how Patient Zero had infected multiple partners with HIV, and they in turn transmitted it to others and rapidly spread the virus to locations all over the world.

• Ecology, Epidemiology, and Evolution of Pathogens

  • Epidemiology is another important tool used to study disease in a population.

• Occurrence of a Disease

  • Outbreak is a term used in epidemiology to describe an occurrence of disease greater than would otherwise be expected at a particular time and place.
  • The epidemiology profession has developed a number of widely accepted steps when investigating disease outbreaks.