Examples of fuel cell in the following topics:
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- 70%–85% of the energy obtained from the fuel in a fuel cell can be converted into power and heat compared to coal or oil, which is around 35%.
- Fuel cells are inherently reliable, rugged, quiet and versatile and they can be used to power almost anything from a hearing aid to an office building.
- Currently, fuel cells are being developed to power cars (every major automotive manufacturer in the world now has a fuel cell vehicle in development), buses, boats, trains, planes, consumer electronics, portable power units and wastewater treatment plants (where the methane produced by the wastewater is used as a fuel source).
- Since fuel cells are smaller than coal-fired furnaces, less land is required to set them up as compared to traditional power plants.
- The pure water emitted as a waste product from a fuel cell can always be put to good use.
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- William Grove developed the first crude fuel cells in 1839.
- Fuel cells are classified by the electrolyte they use, which is the main difference among the various types of fuel cells.
- The use of hydrogen fuel cells is controversial in some applications.
- Other types of fuel cells don't face this problem.
- There are several advantages to hydrogen fuel cells, though.
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- Without question, of all the clean-energy-producing alternatives currently being talked about, fuel cells elicit the most excitement.
- Fuel cells require no combustion, have no moving parts, are silent, and are virtually pollution-free.
- Some fuel cells run on the hydrogen found in sugar.
- Just as important, fuels cells can be made in all sizes, which makes them as versatile as they are clean.
- Fuels cells are also reliable.
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- The price of electricity produced by fuel cells makes the technology somewhat prohibitive.
- Fuel cells large enough to power a home can cost thousands of dollars (resulting in a payback period of up to 15 years), which means that the electricity they produce costs around $1,500–$6,000 per kW (before payback).
- Depending on the cost of the hydrogen source (such as natural gas), electricity from a 2 kW fuel cell system could, in theory, provide power at eight to ten cents per kWh within the next decade or so.
- Long-term performance estimates for fuel cells have not yet been determined although, to date, most fuel cells require maintenance overhauls every five years or so.
- Fuel Cell Council website at www.usfcc.com.
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- The hydrogen economy refers to using hydrogen as the next important source of fuel.
- Advocates of this proposed system promote hydrogen as a potential fuel source.
- Fuel cells are electrochemical devices capable of transforming chemical energy into electrical energy.
- Fuel cells require less energy input than other alternatives and perform water electrolysis at lower temperatures, both of which have the potential of reducing the overall cost of hydrogen production.
- The hydrogen economy could possibly revolutionize the current energy infrastructure by transferring fuel demands from fossil fuels onto hydrogen.
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- Aside from the similarities in cell structure and function that are discussed below, many genetic trees group the two .
- This explains various genetic similarities but runs into difficulties when it comes to explaining cell structure.
- In these reactions, one compound passes electrons to another (in a redox reaction), releasing energy to fuel the cell's activities.
- The energy released generates adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through chemiosmosis, in the same basic process that happens in the mitochondrion of eukaryotic cells.
- However, the proteins that direct cell division, such as the protein FtsZ, which forms a contracting ring around the cell, and the components of the septum that is constructed across the center of the cell, are similar to their bacterial equivalents.
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- Respiration is one of the key ways a cell gains useful energy to fuel cellular activity.
- Respiration is one of the key ways a cell gains useful energy to fuel cellular activity .
- Although technically, cellular respiration is a combustion reaction, it does not resemble one when it occurs in a living cell.
- In eukaryotic cells, the post-glycolytic reactions take place in the mitochondria, while in prokaryotic cells, these reactions take place in the cytoplasm .
- Bacteria use these gradients for flagella and for the transportation of nutrients into the cell.
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- They live in the water-fuel interface of the water droplets, form dark black/brown/green, gel-like mats, and cause microbial corrosion to plastic and rubber parts of the aircraft fuel system by consuming them, and to the metal parts by the means of their acidic metabolic products.
- FSII, which is added to the fuel, acts as a growth retardant for them.
- There are about 250 kinds of bacteria that can live in jet fuel, but fewer than a dozen are meaningfully harmful.
- Biosurfactants are surface-active substances synthesized by living cells.
- These chemicals are synthesized to emulsify the hydrocarbon substrate and facilitate its transport into the cells.
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- Ground substance is a clear, colorless, viscous fluid that fills the space between the cells and fibers.
- It is composed of proteoglycans and cell adhesion proteins that allow the connective tissue to act as glue for the cells to attach to the matrix.
- The ground substance functions as a molecular sieve for substances to travel between blood capillaries and cells.
- Connective tissues consist of three parts: cells suspended in a ground substance or matrix; and most have fibers running through it.
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- The primary sources of fuel today are coal, oil, wood, and other plant products, such as ethanol.
- These include Clostridia species for their ability to degrade cellulose, and fungi that express genes associated with the decomposition of the most recalcitrant features of the plant cell wall, lignin, the phenolic "glue" that imbues the plant with structural integrity and pest resistance.
- The white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium produces unique extracellular oxidative enzymes that effectively degrade lignin by gaining access through the protective matrix surrounding the cellulose microfibrils of plant cell walls.
- Pathway engineering promises to produce a wider variety of organisms able to ferment the full repertoire of sugars derived from cellulose and hemicellulose and tolerate higher ethanol concentrations to optimize fuel yields.