informed consent

Examples of informed consent in the following topics:

• Ethical Guidelines for Human Research

  • One outcome of these trials was the Nuremberg Code, a list of principles for ethical experimentation that included informed consent, absence of coercion, and properly formulated scientific experimentation.
  • Minors are more protected than adults in ethical guidelines, because a minor is not considered to be able to give fully informed consent.
  • A process of informed consent is used to make sure that volunteers know what will happen in the experiment and understand that they are allowed to quit the experiment at any time.
  • Ethical guidelines help researchers make the right decisions, such as getting informed consent from human subjects.

• Misleading Research Subjects

  • Valid consent means a participant is aware of all relevant context surrounding the research they are participating in, including both risks and benefits.
  • Failure to ensure informed consent is likely to result in the harm of potential participants and others who may be affected indirectly.
  • Two approaches have been suggested to minimize such difficulties: pre-consent (including authorized deception and generic pre-consent) and minimized deception.
  • Pre-consent involves informing potential participants that a given research study involves an element of deception without revealing its exact nature.
  • This approach respects the autonomy of individuals because subjects consent to the deception.

• Ethics

  • For instance, research on children and youth always requires parental consent.
  • Research on adults also requires informed consent and participants are never forced to participate.
  • Confidentiality and anonymity are two additional practices that ensure the safety of participants when sensitive information is provided (e.g., sexuality, income, etc.).

• Confidentiality

  • Even seemingly trivial information should be kept safe, because it is impossible to predict what the repercussions would be in the event that this information becomes public.
  • Unless subjects specifically and explicitly give their consent to be associated with the published information, no real names or identifying information of any kind should be used.
  • It is the obligation of the researcher to protect the private information of the research subjects, particularly when studying sensitive and controversial topics like deviance, the results of which may harm the participants if they were to be personally identified.
  • By ensuring the safety of sensitive information, researchers ensure the safety of their subjects.
  • This form, from 1920, has been released because the information contained is too old to have any likely consequences for people who are still alive.

• Advice and Consent

  • Advice and consent is a power of the Senate to be consulted on and approve treaties signed by the president.
  • Requiring the president to gain the advice and consent of the Senate achieved both goals without hindering the business of government.
  • The notion that pre-nomination advice is optional has developed into the unification of the advice portion of the power with the "consent" portion, although several presidents have consulted informally with senators over nominations and treaties.
  • Senators also have the power of "advice and consent" over other authorities in the federal or state governments.
  • Describe the origins and development of the Senate's "advise and consent" powers

• The Fourth Amendment and Search and Seizure

  • The amendment also states that a search or seizure should be limited in scope according to specific information supplied by law enforcement to the issuing court.
  • For instance, the owner of the property in question may consent to the search.
  • The consent must be voluntary, but there is no clear method of determining this; rather, a court will consider the "totality of the circumstances" in assessing whether consent was voluntary.
  • There are also some circumstances in which a third party who has equal control, or common authority, over the property may consent to a search.
  • For example, courts have found that a person does not possess a reasonable expectation of privacy in information transferred to a third party, such as writing on the outside of an envelope sent through the mail or left for pick-up in an area where others might view it.

• The Senate

  • These include the power to consent to treaties as a precondition to their ratification.
  • The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that state's consent.
  • In Federalist No. 62, James Madison justified this arrangement by arguing that the "senatorial trust" called for a "greater extent of information and stability of character. "
  • The Senate commonly waives some of its stricter rules by unanimous consent.
  • Party leaders typically negotiate unanimous consent agreements beforehand.

• The House and the Senate: Differences in Responsibilities and Representation

  • The "advice and consent" powers, such as the power to approve treaties, are a sole Senate privilege.
  • Ancillary organizations such as the Government Accountability Office and the Library of Congress provide Congress with information, and members of Congress have staff and offices to assist them.
  • The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that state's consent.
  • For example, the "advice and consent" powers are a sole Senate privilege.
  • In many cases, the House waives some of its stricter rules (including time limits on debates) by unanimous consent.

• Digital Marketing Characteristics

  • Consumers might use tactics including search engines, email newsletters, text messaging, or web feeds to search for brand information.
  • Push digital marketing occurs when marketers send messages with or without the consent of the recipients.
  • Marketers obtain consumer permission to send communications via subscriptions or written consent.
  • Brands can gain web traffic from media publications and blogs that use their press releases as information sources.

• The Third Amendment

  • The Third Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits, in peacetime or wartime, the quartering of soldiers in private homes without the owner's consent.
  • No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.