institutional review board

Examples of institutional review board in the following topics:

• Ethics

  • To ensure the safety of participants, most universities maintain an institutional review board (IRB) that reviews studies that include human participants and ensures ethical rigor.
  • Several studies that, when brought to light, led to the introduction of ethical principles guiding human subjects research and Institutional Review Boards to ensure compliance with those principles, are worth noting, including the Tuskegee syphilis experiment, in which 399 impoverished black men with syphilis were left untreated to track the progress of the disease and Nazi experimentation on humans.

• Inoculation of Live Animals

  • Today, studying viruses via the inoculation of humans would require a stringent study of ethical practices by an institutional review board.

• Resocialization and Total Institutions

  • Within a total institution, the basic needs of a entire bloc of people are under bureaucratic control.
  • Institutions established to care for harmless or incapable people, including orphanages, poor houses and nursing homes
  • Institutions purportedly established to pursue some task, including colonial compounds, work camps, boarding schools, and ships
  • First, the staff of the institution tries to erode the residents' identities and independence.
  • Review Goffman's five types of social institutions and their functions, including their processes of resocialization

• The Discount Rate

  • The Fed makes loans to depository institutions and charges different discount rates for each of discount windows.
  • The discount rate is the interest rate charged to commercial banks and other depository institutions on loans they receive from the Fed's lending facility, the discount window.
  • The Fed offers three discount window programs to depository institutions: primary credit, secondary credit, and seasonal credit, each with its own interest rate.
  • Under the primary credit program, loans are extended for a very short term (usually overnight) to depository institutions in generally sound financial condition.
  • Discount rates are established by each reserve bank's board of directors, subject to the review and determination of the Federal Reserve System's Board of Governors.

• Interactive Whiteboards

  • A projector projects the computer's desktop onto the board's surface where users control the computer using a finger, stylus, or other device.
  • The board is typically mounted to a wall or floor stand.
  • Even where traditional boards are used, the online whiteboards often supplement those boards by connecting to a school network digital video distribution system.
  • More sophisticated clickers offer text and numeric responses and can export an analysis of student performance for subsequent review.
  • In recent years, manufacturers of IWB technology have set up various online support communities for teachers and educational institutions supporting the use of the interactive whiteboards in learning environments.

• Defining Corporate Governance

  • Internal stakeholders are the board of directors, executives, and other employees .
  • Ways of mitigating or preventing these conflicts of interests include the processes, customs, policies, laws, and institutions which have impact on the way a company is controlled.
  • The board needs sufficient relevant skills and understanding to review and challenge management performance.
  • Integrity should be a fundamental requirement in choosing corporate officers and board members.
  • Corporate governance principles and codes have been developed in different countries and issued from stock exchanges, corporations, institutional investors, or associations (institutes) of directors and managers with the support of governments and international organizations.

• Types of Stakeholders

  • The board of directors are considered primary stakeholders with substantial power in the life of an organization.
  • The board's responsibilities are typically detailed in the organization's bylaws.
  • In an organization with voting members, the board acts on behalf of, and is subordinate to, the organization's full group, which usually chooses the members of the board.
  • selecting, appointing, supporting, and reviewing the performance of the chief executive
  • A stockholder, or shareholder, is an individual or institution that legally owns a share of stock in a public or private corporation.

• The Supreme Court as Policy Makers

  • The Constitution does not grant the Supreme Court the power of judicial review but the power to overturn laws and executive actions.
  • The Constitution does not explicitly grant the Supreme Court the power of judicial review but the power of the Court to overturn laws and executive actions it deems unlawful or unconstitutional is well-established.
  • Many of the Founding Fathers accepted the notion of judicial review.
  • Board of Education.
  • The Supreme Court is not immune from political and institutional restraints: lower federal courts and state courts sometimes resist doctrinal innovations, as do law enforcement officials.

• Mistakes in Communication-Part I

  • Perhaps reviewing some of my well-motivated blunders can save others from the kind of unfavorable outcomes I experienced when I made them.
  • Once I served as the chief operating officer of a multinational educational institute.
  • At one such quarterly meeting, the board unexpectedly confronted a major financial problem.
  • Only an austerity budget could carry the institute through its next year.
  • What we overlooked was that the attorney hired by the institute was part of our audience.

• Current Challenges for Education

  • In 1999 the School Board of the state of Kansas caused controversy when it decided to eliminate teaching of evolution in its state assessment tests.
  • In 2010, the Texas Board of Education adopted new Social Studies standards that could potentially impact the content of textbooks purchased in other parts of the country.
  • In 2003 a Supreme Court decision concerning affirmative action in universities allowed educational institutions to consider race as a factor in admitting students, but ruled that strict point systems are unconstitutional.
  • Prominent African American academics Henry Louis Gates and Lani Guinier, while favoring affirmative action, have argued that in practice, it has led to recent black immigrants and their children being greatly overrepresented at elite institutions, at the expense of the historic African American community made up of descendants of slaves.
  • Some states have a statewide school system, while others delegate power to county, city or township-level school boards.