Examples of Julian calendar in the following topics:
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Dates and Calendars
- The Julian calendar was no longer dependent on the observation of the new moon, but simply followed an algorithm of introducing a leap day every four years.
- The Gregorian calendar was introduced as a refinement of the Julian calendar in 1582 and is today in worldwide use as the de facto calendar for secular purposes.
- The resultant Julian calendar remained in almost universal use in Europe until 1582.
- The calendar was a refinement to the Julian calendar, amounting to a 0.002% correction in the length of the year.
- The terms anno Domini (AD) and before Christ (BC) are used to label or number years in the Julian and Gregorian calendars.
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Julius Caesar
- After assuming control of the government upon the defeat of his enemies in 45 BCE, Caesar began a program of social and governmental reforms that included the creation of the Julian calendar.
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The Westernization of Russia
- Thus, in the year 7207 of the old Russian calendar, Peter proclaimed that the Julian Calendar was in effect and the year was 1700.
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The Classical Period of the Maya
- A 260-day calendar (Tzolkin) was combined with the 365-day solar calendar (Haab') to create a calendar round.
- It utilized 20 named days that repeated 13 times in that calendar year.
- The solar calendar (Haab') is very similar to the modern solar calendar year that uses the earth's orbit around the sun to measure time.
- Each symbol represents a specific day within the calendar.
- When the Tzolkin and Haab' calendar's are combined they create a 52-year solar calendar.
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Periodic Abstinence
- The first formalized calendar-based method was developed in 1930 by John Smulders, a Roman Catholic physician from the Netherlands.
- The actual failure rate of calendar-based methods is 25% per year.
- The low level of reliability of calendar-based methods is because their formulas make several assumptions that are not always true.
- Calendar-based methods use records of past menstrual cycles to predict the length of future cycles.
- Finally, calendar-based methods assume that all bleeding is true menstruation.
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The Julio-Claudians
- The Julian-Claudian dynasty was established by Augustus as the first imperial dynasty of Rome.
- Nero, the last of the Julian-Claudian line, was one of the most notorious emperors in Roman history.
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Sculpture of the Aztecs
- One of the most well known Aztec sculptures is the Calendar Stone.
- The monolith of the Stone of the Sun, also known as the Aztec calendar stone (National Museum of Anthropology and History, Mexico City).
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Bandura's and Rotter's Social-Cognitive Theories of Personality
- Two major figures in social cognitive-theory are behaviorist Albert Bandura and clinical psychologist Julian Rotter.
- Julian Rotter is a clinical psychologist who was influenced by Bandura's social learning theory after rejecting a strict behaviorist approach.
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Codices of the Aztecs
- One of the best primary sources of information on Aztec culture, they served as calendars, ritual texts, almanacs, maps, and historical manuscripts of the Aztec people, spanning from before the Spanish conquest through the colonial era.
- The first section is one of the most intricate surviving divinatory calendars (or tonalamatl), and most of the page is taken up with a painting of the ruling deity or deities.
- With the symbols of the calendar, divided into 13-day periods, Aztec priests were able to create horoscopes and divine the future.
- The Codex Ixtlilxochitl is an early 17th century codex fragment detailing, among other subjects, a calendar of the annual festivals and rituals celebrated by the Aztec teocalli during the Mexican year.
- The original page thirteen of the Codex Borbonicus shows the 13th trecena (or 13-day period) of the Aztec sacred calendar.
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Shang Religion
- The Shang also established a lunar calendar that was used to predict and record events such as harvests, births, and deaths (of rulers and peasants alike).
- Because the calendar was used to time both crop planting and the harvest, the king had to employ skilled astronomers such that predicted dates (and successes) of annual harvests would help him maintain support from the people.