Examples of Mayan calendar in the following topics:
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Dates and Calendars
- Some of the more prominent regional Hindu calendars include the Nepali calendar, Assamese calendar, Bengali calendar, Malayalam calendar, Tamil calendar, the Vikrama Samvat (used in Northern India), and Shalivahana calendar.
- Of all the ancient calendar systems, the Mayan and other Mesoamerican systems are the most complex.
- The Mayan calendar had two years, the 260-day Sacred Round, or tzolkin, and the 365-day Vague Year, or haab.
- The essentials of the Mayan calendar are based upon a system that was in common use throughout the region, dating back to at least the fifth century BCE.
- The Mayan calendar is still used in many modern communities in the Guatemalan highlands, Veracruz, Oaxaca and Chiapas, Mexico.
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The Classical Period of the Maya
- The Mayans developed an agriculturally intensive, city-centered civilization consisting of numerous independent city-states of varying power and influence.
- A 260-day calendar (Tzolkin) was combined with the 365-day solar calendar (Haab') to create a calendar round.
- The solar calendar (Haab') is very similar to the modern solar calendar year that uses the earth's orbit around the sun to measure time.
- Each symbol represents a specific day within the calendar.
- When the Tzolkin and Haab' calendar's are combined they create a 52-year solar calendar.
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The Decline of the Maya
- Certain smaller Mayan groups, such as the Itza Maya, Ko'woj, and Yalain of Central Peten, survived the collapse in the Postclassic period in small numbers.
- Today, in remote parts of Guatemala and Chiapas, similar familial configurations, uses of the 260-day Maya calendar, and agricultural practices continue to shape families of descendants.
- Millions of Mayan-language speakers inhabit their ancestral lands and keep these languages and traditions alive.
- One of three surviving examples of Mayan writing, the Paris Codex offers keen insights into religious and patrilineal traditions before the Spanish invasion.
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The Maya People
- The Preclassic period lasted from 2000 BCE to 250 CE and saw the emergence of many distinctive elements of Mayan civilization.
- Many of the distinctive elements of Mesoamerican civilization can be traced back to this period, including the dominance of corn, the building of pyramids, human sacrifice, jaguar worship, the complex calendar, and many of the gods.
- Though the exact starting date of Mayan civilization is unclear, there were Mayan language speakers in the Southern Maya Area by 2000 BCE.
- Several words entered Mayan from a Mixe–Zoquean language, presumably due to Olmec influence.
- By 2000 BCE, there were speakers of Mayan languages in the Southern Maya Area
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Timeline
- In the Mayan civilization, stepped pyramids are constructed .
- 1789 - 1799: The Dechristianisation of France during the Revolution: the state confiscates Church properties, bans monastic vows with the passage of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, removes the Church from the Roman Pope and subordinates it as a department of the Government, replaces the traditional Gregorian Calendar, and abolishes Christian holidays.
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Art of the Maya
- There remains an enormous amount of small clay figures from the Classic Mayan period.
- Small-scale, free-standing figures, the clay objects illustrate aspects of everyday Mayan life.
- They represent a wider range of human types and activities than is commonly depicted on Mayan stelae.
- Tikal is one of the most impressive urban centers of Mayan culture.
- Identify the key features of Mayan art from the Classic Period.
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Periodic Abstinence
- The first formalized calendar-based method was developed in 1930 by John Smulders, a Roman Catholic physician from the Netherlands.
- The actual failure rate of calendar-based methods is 25% per year.
- The low level of reliability of calendar-based methods is because their formulas make several assumptions that are not always true.
- Calendar-based methods use records of past menstrual cycles to predict the length of future cycles.
- Finally, calendar-based methods assume that all bleeding is true menstruation.
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The Toltecs
- Theories abound about the role the Toltecs actually played in Mesoamerica, from the central Mexican valleys all the way down to certain Mayan city-states.
- He was the first to note similarities in architectural styles between Tula and Chichén Itza, a famous Mayan archeological site.
- Following Charnay the term Toltec has since been associated with the influx of certain Central Mexican cultural traits into the Mayan sphere of dominance during the late classic and early Postclassic periods.
- The Postclassic Mayan civilizations of Chichén Itzá, Mayapán and the Guatemalan highlands have been referred to as "Toltecized" or "Mexicanized" Mayas.
- These same Atlantean figures, as they are called, also appear at the Mayan sites of Chichen Itza and Potrero Nuevo.
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A History of Theories of Consciousness
- First appearing in the historical records of the ancient Mayan and Incan civilizations, various theories of multiple levels of consciousness have pervaded spiritual, psychological, medical, and moral speculations in both Eastern and Western cultures.
- The Ancient Mayans were among the first to propose an organized sense of each level of consciousness, its purpose, and its temporal connection to humankind.
- Because consciousness incorporates stimuli from the environment as well as internal stimuli, the Mayans believed it to be the most basic form of existence, capable of evolution.
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Sculpture of the Aztecs
- One of the most well known Aztec sculptures is the Calendar Stone.
- The monolith of the Stone of the Sun, also known as the Aztec calendar stone (National Museum of Anthropology and History, Mexico City).