observable

Examples of observable in the following topics:

• Influential Observations

  • The influence of an observation can be thought of in terms of how much the predicted scores for other observations would differ if the observation in question were not included.
  • If the predictions are the same with or without the observation in question, then the observation has no influence on the regression model.
  • If the predictions differ greatly when the observation is not included in the analysis, then the observation is influential.
  • The first step in calculating the value of Cook's D for an observation is to predict all the scores in the data once using a regression equation based on all the observations and once using all the observations except the observation in question.
  • The observation in question is circled.

• The Doppler Effect

  • As it approaches an observer, the pitch of the sound (its frequency) sounds higher than it actually is.
  • When the vehicle reaches the observer, the pitch is perceived as it actually is.
  • From the perspective of an observer inside the vehicle, the pitch of the siren is constant.
  • In the example above, the siren moved relative to a stationary observer.
  • If the observer moves relative to the stationary siren, the observer will notice the Doppler effect on the pitch of the siren.

• Constructing a normal probability plot (special topic)

  • Determine the percentile of each observation in the ordered data set.
  • Create a scatterplot of the observations (vertical) against the Z scores (horizontal).
  • If the observations are normally distributed, then their Z scores will approximately correspond to their percentiles and thus to the zi in Table 3.16.
  • The zi in Table 3.16 are not the Z scores of the observations but only correspond to the percentiles of the observations.
  • The first observation is assumed to be at the 0.99th percentile, and the zi corresponding to a lower tail of 0.0099 is −2.33.

• Paired observations and samples

  • When two sets of observations have this special correspondence, they are said to be paired.
  • Two sets of observations are paired if each observation in one set has a special correspondence or connection with exactly one observation in the other data set.
  • To analyze paired data, it is often useful to look at the difference in outcomes of each pair of observations.
  • Using differences between paired observations is a common and useful way to analyze paired data.
  • Verify the differences are calculated correctly for observations 2 and 3.

• Moving Source

  • What is the observed frequency of the horn as the train approaches the observer?
  • When the sound source moves toward an observer, each successive wave is emitted closer to the observer than the previous wave and takes just a little less time to reach the observer than the previous one.
  • Similarly, if the sound source is moving away from the observer, the frequency (and therefore pitch) is decreased.
  • The angle of the line of sight from the observer to the sound source, $\theta$
  • If the sound source is moving towards the observer, a plus sign is used in front of the sound source's velocity.

• Core Culture

  • Core culture is the underlying value that defines organizational identity through observable culture.
  • Core and observable culture are two facets of the same organizational culture, with core culture being inward-facing and intrinsic and observable culture being more external and tangible (outward-facing).
  • The next level is values, which bridges the gap between observable and core culture.
  • This is where observable culture begins to transform into core culture.
  • Organizational culture, both observable and core, is created first at the managerial level.

• General Case

  • In both cases, observers noticed the phenomenon.
  • When the sound source moves toward an observer, each successive wave is emitted closer to the observer than the previous wave.
  • If the observer is moving away from the sound source, the frequency will be lowered, and if the observer moves closer to the sound source, the frequency is increased.
  • If the source approaches the observer at an angle (but still with a constant velocity), the observed frequency that is first heard is higher than the object's emitted frequency.
  • Thereafter, there is a monotonic decrease in the observed frequency as it gets closer to the observer, through equality when it is closest to the observer, and a continued monotonic decrease as it recedes from the observer.

• Moving Observer

  • In this atom, we are going to cover the Doppler effect , but specifically when the observer is the one in motion.
  • When the observer moves toward an sound source, each successive wave is encountered sooner than the previous wave.
  • Thus, it will take just a little less time for the observer to hear the next one.
  • The angle of the line of sight from the observer to the sound source, $\theta$
  • If the observer is moving away from sound source, you are going to use a negative sign in front of the observers velocity.

• Observation

  • Participant observation involves the researcher joining a sample of individuals without interfering with that group's normal activities in order to document their routine behavior or observe them in a natural context.
  • Often researchers in observational studies will try to blend in seamlessly with the sample group to avoid compromising the results of their observations.
  • There are some areas of study where observational studies are more advantageous than others.
  • There are also ethical concerns related to observing individuals without their consent.
  • Laboratory observation can feel artificial to participants and influence their behavior.

• Bandura and Observational Learning

  • Observational learning occurs from watching, retaining, and replicating a behavior observed from a model.
  • Observers have to not only recognize the observed behavior, but also remember it.
  • In many cases the observer possesses the necessary responses, but sometimes reproducing the observed actions may involve skills the observer has not yet acquired.
  • An observer must be motivated to reproduce the actions they have seen.
  • Describe the conditions that must be met for observational learning to occur