Chapter 3
Organizational Theory
By Boundless
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Organizational behavior is the field of study that investigates how organizational structures affect behavior within organizations.
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Organizational theory studies organizations to identify how they solve problems and how they maximize efficiency and productivity.
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The classical perspective focuses on direct inputs to efficiency, while the behavioral perspective examines indirect inputs too.
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Scientific management focuses on improving efficiency and output through scientific studies of workers' processes.
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Weber's bureaucracy focused on creating rules and regulations to simplify complex procedures in societies and workplaces.
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Fayol's approach differed from scientific management in that it focused on efficiency through management training and behavioral characteristics.
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The classical approach to management is often criticized for viewing a worker as a mere tool to improve efficiency.
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Behavioral science uses research and the scientific method to determine and understand behavior in the workplace.
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Behaviorism initiated a focus on the psychological and human factors influencing workers.
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The Hawthorne studies found that workers were more responsive to group involvement and managerial attention than to financial incentives.
McGregor introduced Theories X and Y, which summarize and compare the classical management and behavioral management perspectives.
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Argyris's theory of single- and double-loop learning has been applied to management theory to suggest the best ways for employees to learn.
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Quantitative tools are used by management to determine where a company is doing well or struggling compared to the industry and competitors.
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Six Sigma and Lean are two popular operations-management theories that help managers improve the efficiency of their production processes.
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Systems thinking is an approach to problem solving that considers the overall system instead of focusing on specific parts of a system.
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The contingency viewpoint of management proposes that there is no standard for management; instead, management depends on the situation.
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Quality assurance and quality control are intended to ensure that products are created with the fewest number of defects possible.
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Evidence-based management emphasizes the importance of managers using the scientific method to make decisions.
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Knowledge management and behavior modification are tactics employers use to ensure organizational growth and adaptability.
Change management facilitates employee adaptation to organizational change.
Managers play a number of roles in evolving organizations, including leader, negotiator, figurehead, liaison, and communicator.