Examples of Complementation in the following topics:
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- The complement system helps antibodies and phagocytic cells clear pathogens from an organism.
- The complement system plays a crucial role in the innate defense against common pathogens.
- More recently, however, the role of the complement in the immune response has been expanded due to observations that link complement activation to adaptive immune responses.
- The complement system can be activated through three major pathways: classical, lectin, and alternative.
- It has become increasingly understood that complement functions in host defense extend beyond innate immune responses.
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- Complement fixation is a method that demonstrates antibody presence in patient serum.
- Complement fixation is a classic method for demonstrating the presence of antibody in patient serum.
- The complement fixation test consists of two components.
- These two components of the complement fixation method are tested in sequence.
- Patient serum is first added to the known antigen, and complement is added to the solution.
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- The complement system helps or "complements" the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens from an organism.
- The complement system helps or "complements" the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens from an organism.
- Three biochemical pathways activate the complement system: the classical complement pathway, the alternative complement pathway, and the lectin pathway.
- Kupffer cells and other macrophage cell types help clear complement-coated pathogens.
- Such immunoglobulin-mediated binding of the complement may be interpreted, as that the complement uses the ability of the immunoglobulin to detect and bind to non-self antigens as its guiding stick.
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- Complementation refers to a relationship between two different strains of an organism which both have homozygous recessive mutations.
- If, when these strains are crossed with each other, some offspring show recovery of the wild-type phenotype, they are said to show "genetic complementation".
- A complementation test (sometimes called a "cis-trans" test) refers to this experiment, developed by American geneticist Edward B.
- Complementation arises because loss of function in genes responsible for different steps in the same metabolic pathway can give rise to the same phenotype.
- Example of a complementation test.
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- The process is aided by neutrophils, the complement system, and tumor necrosis factor alpha.
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- IgG and IgM antibodies bind to these antigens to form complexes that activate the classical pathway of complement activation to eliminate cells presenting foreign antigens (which are usually, but not in this case, pathogens).
- The membrane attack complex (MAC; ) is typically formed on the surface of pathogenic bacterial cells as a result of the activation of the alternative pathway and the classical pathway of the complement system, and it is one of the effector proteins of the immune system.
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- After an antigen-antibody reaction, the immune complexes can be subject to any of a number of responses, including complement deposition, opsonization, phagocytosis, or processing by proteases.
- Activation of complement primarily results in cleavage of soluble complement proteins forming C5a and C3a, which activate recruitment of PMNs and local mast cell degranulation (requiring the binding of the immune complex onto FcγRIII), resulting in an inflammatory response.
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- The viral genome is the complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.
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- Type III hypersensitivity occurs when there is little antibody and an excess of antigen, leading to small immune complexes being formed that do not fix complement and are not cleared from the circulation.
- Unlike the free variant, small immune complex bound to sites of deposition (like blood vessel walls) are far more capable of interacting with complement.
- The cause of damage is as a result of the action of cleaved complement anaphylotoxins C3a and C5a, which, respectively, mediate the induction of granule release from mast cells (from which histamine can cause urticaria), and recruitment of inflammatory cells into the tissue (mainly those with lysosomal action, leading to tissue damage through frustrated phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear neutrophils and macrophages).
- After an antigen-antibody reaction, the immune complexes can be subject to any of a number of responses, including complement deposition, opsonization, phagocytosis, or processing by proteases.
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- These represent the first line of defense, which functions to prevent or limit infection Examples of natural barriers include but are not limited to skin, the expression of surface receptors such as CD4, complement receptors, glycophorin, intercelullar adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) , mucus, a ciliated epithelium, low pH, and humoral and cellular components.