Chapter 15
Waves and Vibrations
By Boundless
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/13013/square/dinamometro.jpeg)
Hooke's law of elasticity is an approximation that states that the extension of a spring is directly proportional to the load applied to it.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/13022/square/figure-17-01-05a.jpeg)
If a force results in only deformation, with no thermal, sound, or kinetic energy, the work done is stored as elastic potential energy.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/9704/raw/aves-different-frequencies.jpg)
The period is the duration of one cycle in a repeating event, while the frequency is the number of cycles per unit time.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/9831/square/figure-17-01-01a.jpeg)
The period of a mass m on a spring of spring constant k can be calculated as
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/9857/square/figure-17-03-05a.jpeg)
Simple harmonic motion is a type of periodic motion where the restoring force is directly proportional to the displacement.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/9913/raw/uniform-circular-motion.jpg)
Simple harmonic motion is produced by the projection of uniform circular motion onto one of the axes in the x-y plane.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/9934/square/figure-17-04-01a.jpeg)
A simple pendulum acts like a harmonic oscillator with a period dependent only on L and g for sufficiently small amplitudes.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/9948/square/sp3.gif)
The period of a physical pendulum depends upon its moment of inertia about its pivot point and the distance from its center of mass.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/9975/square/figure-17-05-01a.jpeg)
The total energy in a simple harmonic oscillator is the constant sum of the potential and kinetic energies.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/9982/square/figure-17-03-04a.jpeg)
The solutions to the equations of motion of simple harmonic oscillators are always sinusoidal, i.e., sines and cosines.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/15145/square/-harmonic-motion-animation.gif)
Wave motion transfers energy from one point to another, usually without permanent displacement of the particles of the medium.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/13021/square/wave.jpg)
Transverse waves propagate through media with a speed
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/15168/square/wave-10.jpeg)
Longitudinal waves, sometimes called compression waves, oscillate in the direction of propagation.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/17065/square/2006-01-14-surface-waves.jpeg)
Water waves can be commonly observed in daily life, and comprise both transverse and longitudinal wave motion.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/15228/raw/aves-different-frequencies.jpg)
Waves are defined by its frequency, wavelength, and amplitude among others. They also have two kinds of velocity: phase and group velocity.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/16566/square/ctromagneticwave3dfromside.gif)
Waves transfer energy which can be used to do work.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/17160/square/partial-transmittance.gif)
When the medium changes, a wave often experiences partial transmission and partial refection at the interface.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/17170/square/figure-17-10-04a.jpeg)
A wave may have a complicated shape that can result from superposition and interference of several waves.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/17171/square/standing-wave-2.gif)
A standing wave is one in which two waves superimpose to produce a wave that varies in amplitude but does not propagate.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/17172/square/th2.gif)
When vibrations in the string are simple harmonic motion, waves are described by harmonic wave functions.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/17158/raw/pencil-in-a-bowl-of-water.jpg)
Refraction is a surface phenomenon that occurs as the change in direction of a wave due to a change in its medium.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/17159/square/square-diffraction.jpeg)
Diffraction refers to various phenomena such as the bending of waves around obstacles and the spreading out of waves past small openings.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/17175/square/drum-vibration-mode12.gif)
The most general solution of the wave equation
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/17176/square/figure-17-11-01a.jpeg)
The energy in a wave is proportional to its amplitude squared and the intensity of a wave is defined as power per unit area.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/16926/square/transverse-20waves.jpg)
The speed of a wave on a string can be found by multiplying the wavelength by the frequency or by dividing the wavelength by the period.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/16929/square/transverse-20waves.jpg)
When transverse waves in strings meet one end, they are reflected, and when the incident wave meets the reflected wave, interference occurs.
- Introduction
- The First Law of Thermodynamics
- The Second Law of Thermodynamics
- Entropy
- The Third Law of Thermodynamics