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Persons using assistive technology might not be able to fully access information in this file. For assistance, please send e-mail to: mmwrq@cdc.gov. Type 508 Accommodation and the title of the report in the subject line of e-mail. HIV Counseling and Testing -- United States, 1993Counseling and testing (CT) are important components of state and local human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-prevention programs (1). Analysis of national data sources indicates that HIV-antibody tests are obtained from a variety of testing sites, including private physicians, hospitals, and outpatient clinics (66.7%), and publicly funded sites (33.1%) (2). This report uses data from CDC's 1993 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) to examine variations in rates of use of private and public HIV CT sites by state. In 1993, a total of 49 states and the District of Columbia participated in the BRFSS, a state-specific population-based, random-digit-dialed telephone survey that collects information monthly from U.S. adults aged greater than or equal to 18 years. Thirteen questions about HIV/AIDS-related knowledge and attitudes and HIV-antibody testing history during the preceding year were asked only to respondents aged less than or equal to 65 years. In 1993, a total of 84,039 persons responded to these questions (state-specific range: 993 to 3667). The state-specific median percentage of 82% of eligible respondents completed interviews (3). Data for each state were weighted by demographic characteristics and by selection probability; results are representative of persons aged 18-65 years in each state. Confidence intervals for percentages and estimated numbers of persons tested were based on standard errors that accounted for complex survey design (4). A median of 25.5% of persons (range: 14.4% {Iowa} to 37.5% {Alaska}) answered yes to the question: "Except for donating or giving blood, have you ever had your blood tested for the AIDS virus infection?" Table_1. The number (weighted estimate) of adults who had ever been tested for HIV was highest in California (6.3 million). A median of 9.6% of persons (range: 4.1% {Maine and South Dakota} to 16.9% {District of Columbia}) reported obtaining HIV-antibody tests primarily for diagnostic reasons * Table_1. Persons categorized as having obtained diagnostic HIV-antibody tests were identified by one of three responses to the question "What was the main reason you had your last AIDS blood test?": "to find out if infected," "because of referral by a doctor or health department or sex partner," or "for routine checkup ** ." In 43 states and the District of Columbia, at least 50.0% (median: 60.9%) of respondents had obtained their last diagnostic test from a private physician, health maintenance organization, or private outpatient clinic Table_2. A median of 16.2% of persons (range: 5.0% {North Dakota} to 37.6% {Mississippi}) had obtained their last diagnostic test at a publicly funded prevention site (including health departments; AIDS, sexually transmitted disease {STD}, or tuberculosis clinics; and drug-treatment programs). The estimated number of persons who obtained a diagnostic test at a publicly funded site during the preceding year correlated with the number of tests reported to CDC's HIV Counseling and Testing System by publicly funded sites in each state (5) (correlation coefficient=0.96; p less than 0.01). A median of 60.7% of persons who had obtained their most recent diagnostic HIV-antibody test at a publicly funded site (range: 30.8% {New Jersey} to 95.7% {Oklahoma}) received counseling with their test results Table_2. In comparison, a median of 28.2% of persons who had obtained their tests from a private site (range: 7.7% {Kentucky} to 77.3% {Oklahoma}) also received counseling. In most (90%) of the reporting areas, the number of persons who received counseling with their HIV test results was greater than or equal to 1.5 times greater for persons tested at publicly funded sites than those tested at private sites. Reported by the following BRFSS coordinators: S Jackson, MPA, Alabama; P Owen, Alaska; B Bender, Arizona; J Senner, PhD, Arkansas; B Davis, PhD, California; M Leff, MSPH, Colorado; M Adams, MS, Connecticut; F Breukelman, Delaware; C Mitchell, District of Columbia; D McTague, MS, Florida; E Pledger, MPA, Georgia; F Newfield, MPH, Hawaii; C Johnson, MPH, Idaho; B Steiner, MS, Illinois; R Guest, MPH, Indiana; P Busick, Iowa; M Perry, Kansas; K Bramblett, Kentucky; D Hargrove-Roberson, MSW, Louisiana; D Maines, Maine; A Weinstein, MA, Maryland; R Lederman, MPH, Massachusetts; H McGee, MPH, Michigan; N Salem, PhD, Minnesota; E Jones, MS, Mississippi; J Jackson-Thompson, PhD, Missouri; P Smith, Montana; S Huffman, Nebraska; E DeJan, Nevada; K Zaso, MPH, New Hampshire; G Boeselager, MS, New Jersey; P Jaramillo, MPA, New Mexico; C Maylahn, MPH, New York; G Lengerich, MD, North Carolina; D Young, MS, North Dakota; E Capwell, PhD, Ohio; N Hann, MPH, Oklahoma; J Grant-Worley, MS, Oregon; J Romano, MPH, Pennsylvania; J Hesser, PhD, Rhode Island; M Lane, MPH, South Carolina; B Miller, South Dakota; D Ridings, Tennessee; R Diamond, MPH, Texas; R Giles, Utah; R McIntyre, PhD, Vermont; S Carswell, MA, Virginia; K Holm, MPH, Washington; F King, West Virginia; E Cautley, MS, Wisconsin. Behavioral and Prevention Research Br, Div of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and HIV Prevention, National Center for Prevention Svcs; Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Br, Office of Surveillance and Analysis, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC. Editorial NoteEditorial Note: The findings from the 1993 BRFSS document a high degree of state-specific variability in self-reported HIV-antibody tests in the United States. This variability may reflect state-specific differences in such factors as the prevalence of HIV infection and HIV testing in high-risk groups, the presence and impact of HIV-prevention programs, and age distribution. The BRFSS estimates of the number of persons last tested for voluntary or diagnostic reasons at a publicly funded clinic correlated highly with estimates from CDC's HIV Counseling and Testing System, and the median percentage of respondents ever tested for HIV (25%) is consistent with estimates based on CDC's National Health Interview Survey (22%). Health-care visits to seek and obtain HIV tests are important opportunities to counsel persons about the risk for HIV infection and methods to reduce such risk (1). The data in this report indicate that, in most states, approximately threefold more persons reported having obtained their HIV test from a private provider than from a public site; however, persons who had obtained their test from a private provider were substantially less likely to have reported receiving counseling than those who obtained tests at a public site. This finding underscores the need for physicians and other health-care providers in private settings to offer HIV counseling at the time patients receive their HIV test results. The findings in this report are subject to at least two limitations. First, the sample size of persons who reported having had an HIV-antibody test in individual states did not enable stratification by other respondent characteristics. For example, state-specific sample sizes precluded analysis to determine whether specific high-risk populations that obtained HIV-antibody testing also received counseling. Second, because the BRFSS is a telephone-based system, some persons at high risk for HIV infection most likely were excluded from the survey. The BRFSS is a unique source for information about HIV-antibody testing behaviors of U.S. adults -- particularly patterns of HIV testing outside of public clinics -- and can be used both at the federal and state levels to improve HIV-prevention and intervention programs. Questions about CT in the 1993 BRFSS were developed based on input from state health departments; subsequent BRFSS surveys may incorporate additional HIV-related behavioral questions. References
* For this study, diagnostic HIV-antibody tests were defined as those administered primarily to learn infection status rather than voluntary tests to qualify for insurance, military induction, immigration, marriage license application, or employment. ** This response was included in "diagnostic" reasons to avoid excluding respondents who initiated a routine examination to determine whether they were infected with HIV. Table_1 Note: To print large tables and graphs users may have to change their printer settings to landscape and use a small font size.
TABLE 1. Percentage of persons surveyed and estimated number of persons who reported ever having an HIV-antibody test and who
reported their last HIV test was primarily for diagnostic reasons * -- Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, United
States, 1993
=============================================================================================================================
Persons who reported
Persons who reported ever their last HIV-antibody test was
having an HIV-antibody test primarily for diagnostic reasons +
----------------------------------- ------------------------------------------
Estimated Estimated
Sample no. no.
Reporting area size % (95% CI &) (thousands) (95% CI) % (95% CI) (thousands) (95% CI)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alabama 1758 18.5 (+/-2.0%) 473 (+/- 52) 9.0 (+/-1.5%) 231 (+/- 38)
Alaska 1414 37.5 (+/-3.8%) 135 (+/- 16) 13.5 (+/-2.5%) 48 (+/- 9)
Arizona 1318 23.7 (+/-3.2%) 561 (+/- 92) 8.9 (+/-2.5%) 211 (+/- 64)
Arkansas 1374 23.8 (+/-2.6%) 339 (+/- 39) 9.7 (+/-1.7%) 138 (+/- 24)
California 3122 32.2 (+/-2.0%) 6327 (+/-423) 14.5 (+/-1.5%) 2860 (+/-300)
Colorado 1553 30.5 (+/-2.4%) 677 (+/- 58) 13.6 (+/-1.8%) 302 (+/- 40)
Connecticut 1494 20.3 (+/-2.3%) 433 (+/- 50) 6.3 (+/-1.4%) 134 (+/- 29)
Delaware 1751 29.5 (+/-2.4%) 131 (+/- 12) 14.1 (+/-2.0%) 62 (+/- 9)
District
of Columbia 1288 24.6 (+/-2.8%) 102 (+/- 12) 16.9 (+/-2.4%) 70 (+/- 11)
Florida 2364 33.2 (+/-2.2%) 2748 (+/-199) 15.8 (+/-1.8%) 1306 (+/-152)
Georgia 1847 24.4 (+/-2.4%) 1043 (+/-105) 8.5 (+/-1.5%) 364 (+/- 65)
Hawaii 1893 30.3 (+/-2.7%) 208 (+/- 20) 11.9 (+/-1.7%) 82 (+/- 12)
Idaho 1474 24.4 (+/-2.8%) 149 (+/- 18) 10.2 (+/-2.0%) 62 (+/- 13)
Illinois 1753 23.3 (+/-2.2%) 1673 (+/-165) 8.8 (+/-1.5%) 634 (+/-106)
Indiana 1675 20.4 (+/-2.2%) 717 (+/- 79) 7.8 (+/-1.4%) 273 (+/- 50)
Iowa 1405 14.4 (+/-2.0%) 241 (+/- 34) 5.5 (+/-1.3%) 92 (+/- 22)
Kansas 1196 16.8 (+/-2.2%) 254 (+/- 34) 7.2 (+/-1.5%) 108 (+/- 23)
Kentucky 1888 21.0 (+/-2.1%) 491 (+/- 52) 7.4 (+/-1.3%) 173 (+/- 30)
Louisiana 1354 26.5 (+/-2.7%) 685 (+/- 74) 10.9 (+/-1.8%) 282 (+/- 47)
Maine 993 15.4 (+/-2.5%) 119 (+/- 20) 4.1 (+/-1.2%) 32 (+/- 9)
Maryland 3667 29.1 (+/-1.7%) 942 (+/- 60) 14.6 (+/-1.4%) 474 (+/- 47)
Massachusetts 1321 23.9 (+/-2.5%) 927 (+/-101) 9.6 (+/-1.8%) 375 (+/- 71)
Michigan 2041 27.4 (+/-2.1%) 1620 (+/-129) 11.3 (+/-1.4%) 669 (+/- 85)
Minnesota 2804 22.1 (+/-1.7%) 612 (+/- 50) 8.6 (+/-1.1%) 237 (+/- 32)
Mississippi 1311 27.7 (+/-2.7%) 430 (+/- 44) 13.3 (+/-2.0%) 205 (+/- 32)
Missouri 1195 22.5 (+/-2.6%) 714 (+/- 85) 11.0 (+/-2.0%) 349 (+/- 65)
Montana 974 23.2 (+/-2.9%) 113 (+/- 16) 9.4 (+/-2.2%) 46 (+/- 11)
Nebraska 1410 17.8 (+/-2.1%) 170 (+/- 21) 4.2 (+/-1.1%) 40 (+/- 11)
Nevada 1543 36.8 (+/-2.7%) 290 (+/- 24) 15.7 (+/-2.0%) 124 (+/- 16)
New Hampshire 1262 24.5 (+/-2.7%) 176 (+/- 20) 9.3 (+/-1.8%) 66 (+/- 13)
New Jersey 1271 24.5 (+/-2.7%) 1232 (+/-140) 10.8 (+/-2.0%) 543 (+/-105)
New Mexico 1082 30.2 (+/-3.2%) 286 (+/- 33) 13.7 (+/-2.5%) 130 (+/- 24)
New York 1984 26.0 (+/-2.3%) 3025 (+/-278) 12.4 (+/-1.6%) 1440 (+/-196)
North Carolina 1928 23.8 (+/-2.2%) 1047 (+/-101) 8.8 (+/-1.4%) 388 (+/- 61)
North Dakota 1418 17.9 (+/-2.3%) 68 (+/- 9) 6.4 (+/-1.3%) 24 (+/- 5)
Ohio 1105 21.1 (+/-2.8%) 1445 (+/-197) 6.5 (+/-1.8%) 443 (+/-129)
Oklahoma 1192 19.3 (+/-2.7%) 378 (+/- 57) 8.7 (+/-1.9%) 171 (+/- 39)
Oregon 2411 27.1 (+/-2.0%) 493 (+/- 38) 12.2 (+/-1.4%) 221 (+/- 27)
Pennsylvania 1932 21.2 (+/-2.0%) 1589 (+/-152) 7.7 (+/-1.3%) 574 (+/- 97)
Rhode Island 1459 30.9 (+/-2.7%) 197 (+/- 21) 13.6 (+/-2.0%) 86 (+/- 14)
South Carolina 1738 27.6 (+/-2.6%) 625 (+/- 66) 13.1 (+/-2.0%) 296 (+/- 48)
South Dakota 1422 16.3 (+/-2.2%) 66 (+/- 9) 4.1 (+/-1.2%) 17 (+/- 5)
Tennessee 2515 20.3 (+/-1.7%) 644 (+/- 56) 7.1 (+/-1.1%) 225 (+/- 35)
Texas 2132 32.0 (+/-2.4%) 3488 (+/-282) 10.4 (+/-1.5%) 1131 (+/-172)
Utah 1527 19.1 (+/-2.2%) 189 (+/- 22) 8.2 (+/-1.5%) 81 (+/- 15)
Vermont 1583 19.3 (+/-2.1%) 69 (+/- 8) 6.7 (+/-1.3%) 24 (+/- 5)
Virginia 1520 32.8 (+/-2.7%) 1371 (+/-122) 13.5 (+/-1.9%) 563 (+/- 83)
Washington 2219 28.3 (+/-2.0%) 908 (+/- 66) 14.3 (+/-1.6%) 460 (+/- 50)
West Virginia 1873 18.2 (+/-1.9%) 202 (+/- 22) 6.4 (+/-1.2%) 70 (+/- 14)
Wisconsin 1286 21.6 (+/-2.5%) 658 (+/- 80) 7.5 (+/-1.6%) 2227 (+/- 50)
Median 24.0% 9.6%
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* For this study, diagnostic HIV tests were defined as those administered primarily to learn infection status rather
than voluntary tests to qualify for insurance, military induction, immigration, marriage license application, or
employment.
+ Persons in this category were identified by one of three responses to the question "What was the main reason you had
your last AIDS blood test?": "to find out if infected," "because of referral by doctor or health department or sex
partner," or "for routine checkup." The response "for routine checkup" was included in "diagnostic" reasons to avoid
excluding respondents who initiated a routine examination to determine whether they were infected with HIV.
& Confidence interval.
=============================================================================================================================
Return to top. Table_2 Note: To print large tables and graphs users may have to change their printer settings to landscape and use a small font size.
TABLE 2. Percentage of persons surveyed who ever had an HIV-antibody test and estimated number of persons who reported that their last HIV-antiboby test was for
diagnostic reasons *, by site -- United States, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 1993
========================================================================================================================================================================
Persons whose last diagnostic HIV-antibody Persons whose last diagnostic HIV-antibody
test was obtained at a private site + test was obtained at a publicly funded prevention site &
-------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------
Estimated % Estimated %
Sample % no. Received % no. Received
Reporting area size Tested (95% CI &) (thousands) (95% CI) counseling (95% CI) Tested (95% CI) (thousands) (95% CI) counseling (95% CI)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alabama 172 53.8 (+/- 8.3%) 124 (+/- 28) 24.0 (+/- 9.6%) 36.9 (+/- 8.1%) 85 (+/- 24) 57.5 (+/-14.1%)
Alaska 212 55.6 (+/- 9.9%) 27 (+/- 7) 28.2 (+/-11.8%) 18.6 (+/- 8.2%) 9 (+/- 4) 53.5 (+/-25.2%)
Arizona 107 55.6 (+/-14.2%) 117 (+/- 43) 35.3 (+/-19.0%) 13.1 (+/- 7.4%) 28 (+/- 15) 56.8 (+/-27.9%)
Arkansas 140 53.6 (+/- 9.2%) 74 (+/- 18) 28.5 (+/-10.4%) 30.6 (+/- 8.8%) 42 (+/- 15) 43.9 (+/-17.6%)
California 480 58.7 (+/- 5.4%) 1679 (+/-241) 27.3 (+/- 6.8%) 13.9 (+/- 3.9%) 397 (+/-119) 75.7 (+/-15.7%)
Colorado 238 64.2 (+/- 6.9%) 194 (+/- 33) 23.2 (+/- 7.1%) 11.3 (+/- 4.6%) 34 (+/- 15) 81.8 (+/-15.9%)
Connecticut 100 68.1 (+/-10.1%) 92 (+/- 25) 29.8 (+/-12.9%) 7.9 (+/- 5.7%) 11 (+/- 8) 68.0 (+/-32.7%)
Delaware 241 53.0 (+/- 7.1%) 33 (+/- 6) 24.5 (+/- 8.5%) 37.5 (+/- 6.8%) 23 (+/- 6) 51.3 (+/-12.4%)
District
of Columbia 218 60.5 (+/- 7.2%) 42 (+/- 8) 50.7 (+/- 9.5%) 19.5 (+/- 5.8%) 14 (+/- 4) 66.0 (+/-16.3%)
Florida 383 56.8 (+/- 5.5%) 742 (+/-112) 24.6 (+/- 6.6%) 24.8 (+/- 5.2%) 324 (+/- 79) 58.8 (+/-11.5%)
Georgia 160 60.9 (+/- 9.2%) 222 (+/- 51) 22.1 (+/- 9.2%) 25.8 (+/- 7.7%) 94 (+/- 31) 54.9 (+/-17.1%)
Hawaii 273 44.9 (+/- 7.3%) 37 (+/- 8) 15.6 (+/- 7.8%) 18.2 (+/- 6.4%) 15 (+/- 6) 45.4 (+/-18.9%)
Idaho 157 59.6 (+/-10.1%) 37 (+/- 11) 18.5 (+/-10.9%) 24.3 (+/- 8.3%) 15 (+/- 6) 61.4 (+/-19.1%)
Illinois 177 69.8 (+/- 7.4%) 442 (+/- 88) 24.8 (+/- 8.4%) 13.8 (+/- 5.6%) 88 (+/- 38) 53.9 (+/-21.8%)
Indiana 139 60.5 (+/- 9.3%) 165 (+/- 38) 25.5 (+/-10.3%) 17.6 (+/- 7.0%) 48 (+/- 21) 77.8 (+/-18.9%)
Iowa 86 52.8 (+/-11.8%) 48 (+/- 15) 27.9 (+/-15.0%) 24.0 (+/-11.1%) 22 (+/- 12) 82.3 (+/-23.0%)
Kansas 95 54.8 (+/-10.9%) 59 (+/- 18) 29.3 (+/-14.7%) 16.8 (+/- 7.8%) 18 (+/- 9) 40.5 (+/-24.0%)
Kentucky 140 62.9 (+/- 9.1%) 109 (+/- 25) 7.7 (+/- 5.0%) 18.9 (+/- 7.4%) 33 (+/- 14) 55.2 (+/-21.3%)
Louisiana 155 70.4 (+/- 8.5%) 199 (+/- 40) 30.3 (+/- 9.4%) 13.0 (+/- 5.7%) 37 (+/- 17) 46.2 (+/-23.6%)
Maine 50 65.1 (+/-15.2%) 21 (+/- 7) 44.1 (+/-18.3%) 19.3 (+/-13.6%) 6 (+/- 5) 93.3 (+/-13.4%)
Maryland 527 76.5 (+/- 4.2%) 362 (+/- 42) 25.6 (+/- 4.8%) 8.9 (+/- 2.9%) 42 (+/- 15) 63.9 (+/-15.7%)
Massachusetts 129 66.7 (+/- 9.4%) 250 (+/- 58) 31.9 (+/-11.0%) 7.7 (+/- 5.1%) 29 (+/- 20) 65.9 (+/-35.6%)
Michigan 254 62.1 (+/- 6.7%) 415 (+/- 68) 30.6 (+/- 7.9%) 9.5 (+/- 3.8%) 63 (+/- 26) 59.4 (+/-20.8%)
Minnesota 247 55.6 (+/- 6.9%) 132 (+/- 23) 28.2 (+/- 8.4%) 7.1 (+/- 3.9%) 17 (+/- 10) 85.1 (+/-14.0%)
Mississippi 187 46.0 (+/- 7.9%) 94 (+/- 22) 25.3 (+/-10.0%) 37.6 (+/- 8.2%) 77 (+/- 21) 44.8 (+/-13.7%)
Missouri 133 61.6 (+/- 9.6%) 215 (+/- 47) 25.2 (+/- 9.6%) 11.6 (+/- 5.9%) 40 (+/- 22) 52.7 (+/-27.2%)
Montana 83 62.1 (+/-12.7%) 28 (+/- 9) 37.5 (+/-15.8%) 19.4 (+/-10.3%) 9 (+/- 5) 75.2 (+/-21.4%)
Nebraska 66 73.3 (+/-11.3%) 29 (+/- 9) 35.7 (+/-16.3%) 13.6 (+/- 8.5%) 5 (+/- 4) 72.5 (+/-28.4%)
Nevada 250 55.1 (+/- 7.1%) 68 (+/- 13) 21.2 (+/- 7.7%) 17.2 (+/- 5.4%) 21 (+/- 7) 32.0 (+/-15.2%)
New Hampshire 112 49.2 (+/-10.2%) 33 (+/- 9) 32.9 (+/-13.7%) 10.5 (+/- 5.7%) 7 (+/- 4) 52.9 (+/-28.4%)
New Jersey 129 79.7 (+/- 8.0%) 433 (+/- 95) 29.8 (+/-10.1%) 7.8 (+/- 5.2%) 42 (+/- 29) 30.8 (+/-28.3%)
New Mexico 145 57.1 (+/- 9.5%) 74 (+/- 19) 32.3 (+/-12.3%) 16.3 (+/- 6.8%) 21 (+/- 9) 51.9 (+/-22.8%)
New York 266 61.5 (+/- 6.8%) 885 (+/-152) 33.9 (+/- 8.1%) 22.2 (+/- 5.8%) 320 (+/- 97) 66.0 (+/-14.6%)
North Carolina 174 61.5 (+/- 8.0%) 239 (+/- 51) 37.5 (+/-11.2%) 30.4 (+/- 7.5%) 118 (+/- 34) 53.8 (+/-14.4%)
North Dakota 91 46.7 (+/-11.0%) 11 (+/- 3) 9.5 (+/- 9.4%) 5.0 (+/- 4.5%) 1 (+/- 1) 64.7 (+/-42.9%)
Ohio 65 62.7 (+/-15.1%) 278 (+/- 94) 26.1 (+/-13.5%) 12.3 (+/- 9.0%) 54 (+/- 42) 60.7 (+/-36.0%)
Oklahoma 95 65.0 (+/-10.0%) 111 (+/- 32) 77.3 (+/-11.2%) 16.0 (+/- 8.1%) 27 (+/- 15) 95.7 (+/- 8.4%)
Oregon 306 48.4 (+/- 6.2%) 107 (+/- 18) 26.9 (+/- 7.7%) 23.6 (+/- 5.4%) 52 (+/- 14) 75.1 (+/-12.4%)
Pennsylvania 161 63.1 (+/- 8.4%) 363 (+/- 77) 26.0 (+/- 9.5%) 5.4 (+/- 3.5%) 31 (+/- 21) 74.0 (+/-30.5%)
Rhode Island 206 63.3 (+/- 8.0%) 55 (+/- 12) 29.3 (+/- 9.5%) 7.1 (+/- 3.4%) 6 (+/- 3) 56.6 (+/-24.6%)
South Carolina 205 57.7 (+/- 8.4%) 171 (+/- 36) 30.3 (+/- 9.6%) 28.0 (+/- 7.7%) 83 (+/- 27) 49.3 (+/-16.5%)
South Dakota 65 59.6 (+/-14.7%) 10 (+/- 4) 32.2 (+/-18.7%) 6.3 (+/- 5.9%) 1 (+/- 1) 86.7 (+/-25.7%)
Tennessee 199 73.2 (+/- 6.8%) 164 (+/- 30) 38.5 (+/- 9.0%) 18.9 (+/- 6.1%) 42 (+/- 15) 58.7 (+/-18.5%)
Texas 250 53.3 (+/- 7.8%) 603 (+/-131) 27.3 (+/- 9.8%) 15.0 (+/- 5.8%) 69 (+/- 71) 71.5 (+/-19.9%)
Utah 141 60.5 (+/- 9.3%) 49 (+/- 12) 31.9 (+/-10.6%) 20.0 (+/- 7.7%) 16 (+/- 7) 72.3 (+/-18.1%)
Vermont 120 62.8 (+/-10.1%) 15 (+/- 4) 25.5 (+/-10.6%) 11.1 (+/- 6.8%) 3 (+/- 2) 59.3 (+/-31.1%)
Virginia 209 59.5 (+/- 7.3%) 335 (+/- 63) 18.6 (+/- 7.4%) 16.2 (+/- 5.5%) 92 (+/- 35) 64.8 (+/-18.2%)
Washington 343 67.2 (+/- 5.5%) 309 (+/- 42) 28.2 (+/- 6.5%) 9.6 (+/- 3.3%) 44 (+/- 16) 78.3 (+/-14.2%)
West Virginia 120 66.9 (+/- 9.6%) 47 (+/- 11) 21.8 (+/- 9.6%) 14.8 (+/- 7.6%) 10 (+/- 6) 32.9 (+/-26.4%)
Wisconsin 103 48.5 (+/-11.4%) 110 (+/- 35) 15.2 (+/-14.7%) 14.0 (+/- 8.2%) 32 (+/- 20) 68.6 (+/-27.2%)
Median 60.9% 28.2% 16.2% 60.7%
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* For this study, diagnostic HIV tests were defined as those administered primarily to learn infection status rather than voluntary tests to qualify for
insurance, military induction, immigration, marriage license application, or employment.
+ Private physician, health maintenance organization, or private outpatient clinic.
& Including health departments; AIDS, sexually transmitted disease, or tuberculosis clinics; and drug-treatment programs.
@ Confidence interval.
========================================================================================================================================================================
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