Foodborne Outbreak of Cryptosporidiosis -- Spokane, Washington, 1997

On December 29, 1997, the Spokane Regional Health District received reports of acute gastroenteritis among members of a group attending a dinner banquet catered by a Spokane restaurant on December 18. The illness was characterized by a prolonged (3-9 days) incubation period and diarrhea, which led public health officials to suspect a parasitic cause of the illness. Eight of 10 stool specimens obtained from ill banquet attendees were positive for Cryptosporidium using both modified acid-fast and auramine-rhodamine staining of concentrated specimens. This report summarizes the epidemiologic investigation of the outbreak, which suggests that foodborne transmission occurred through a contaminated ingredient in multiple menu items.

In a retrospective cohort study, a case was defined as diarrhea or abdominal cramping in a banquet attendee with onset within 10 days after the banquet. Of the 62 attendees, 54 (87%) had illnesses meeting the case definition; they became ill a median of 6 days (range: 3-9 days) after the banquet. Symptoms included diarrhea (98%), fever/chills (61%), headache (59%), body ache (54%), abdominal cramps (50%), nausea (28%), and vomiting (11%). Based on information from initial interviews, the median length of illness was 5 days (range: 1-13 days), but subsequently several persons reported that they had symptoms intermittently for a month or longer. Two persons were hospitalized, and six others sought health care for their illness.

The banquet buffet included 18 separate food and beverage items; seven items contained uncooked produce. No single food was significantly associated with illness. When menu items that contained green onions were combined, foods containing uncooked green onions (au gratin potatoes, romaine salad, and pasta salad) were reportedly eaten by all 51 case-patients who could recall and by three of four persons who were not ill and could recall (undefined relative risk, p=0.07).

The banquet food items were prepared or served by 15 food workers. Stool specimens were available from 14 food workers within 3-4 weeks of the banquet; specimens from two tested positive for Cryptosporidium. One of the two food workers was symptomatic at the same time as banquet attendees; the other was asymptomatic. A stool specimen from another food worker was not available for testing until 5 weeks after the outbreak and was negative; he reported that he worked for 2 days in December while experiencing diarrhea but he could not remember the dates of his illness. All three of these food workers reportedly ate food items served at the banquet associated with the outbreak.

The green onions were not washed before delivery at the restaurant. Food workers at the restaurant reported they did not consistently wash green onions before using them to prepare food or serving them to patrons.

To determine the extent of the outbreak, the health district requested by fax that Spokane area physicians report any patients with symptoms typical of cryptosporidiosis. No other cryptosporidiosis-like illnesses were identified at the time of the outbreak. Two other banquets catered by the restaurant on December 18 and 19 had menus similar to the banquet where the outbreak occurred; no illness was reported in either of these groups.

Reported by: K Quinn, MPA, G Baldwin, P Stepak, MD, K Thorburn, MD, Spokane Regional Health District; C Bartleson, MPH, M Goldoft, MD, J Kobayashi, MD, P Stehr-Green, DrPH, State Epidemiologist, Washington Dept of Health. Div of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, CDC.

Editorial Note

Editorial Note: Since 1993, three foodborne outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis have been reported in the United States. In 1993, an outbreak was associated with drinking unpasteurized, fresh-pressed apple cider (1); the apples used for the cider probably were contaminated when they fell to the ground in a cow pasture. In 1995, an outbreak was associated with eating chicken salad that may have been contaminated by a food worker who operated a day care facility in her home (2). In 1996, an outbreak was associated with drinking commercially produced, unpasteurized apple cider (3); the apples used for the cider may have become contaminated when they were washed with well water that had fecal contamination.

The outbreak described in this report had characteristics similar to others in the United States caused by enteric coccidian parasites (Cryptosporidium parvum and Cyclospora cayetanensis) in that case-patients had prolonged diarrhea; the incubation period averaged 6 days; and the attack rates were high (4,5). Physicians and public health officials should have a high index of suspicion for infection with coccidian parasites in patients with severe or prolonged watery diarrhea. Because most laboratories do not routinely test stool for either Cryptosporidium or Cyclospora (6), specific testing for these organisms generally must be ordered by a physician.

The high attack rate among banquet attendees made finding a statistically significant association with a particular menu item difficult. The strongest association between illness and eating a menu item was observed for food items containing uncooked green onions. This suggests that the onions were a possible source, but the data are inadequate to conclusively implicate them as the vehicle of infection. Available data do not exclude the possibility that multiple menu items may have been contaminated before arriving at the restaurant, contaminated by a food worker, or by cross-contamination during preparation.

This outbreak highlights several key issues for food workers. Uncooked produce should be throughly washed before being placed on kitchen work surfaces to prevent contamination of these surfaces. The FDA Food Code prohibits further bare-handed contact with fruits and vegetables after washing when they are intended for use in "ready-to-eat" foods except where approved by the regulating authority (7). Food preparation surfaces should be washed between preparation of different produce to prevent cross-contamination. Food workers should not work when experiencing a gastrointestinal illness. Persons infected with Cryptosporidium may intermittently shed oocysts in stool and remain infectious for up to 60 days after diarrhea has resolved; however, most persons will cease shedding within 2 weeks after resolution of their diarrhea (8). Therefore, food workers should be particularly meticulous about handwashing. Asymptomatic shedding probably occurs in persons exposed to the parasite who have developed some immunity, but the frequency of asymptomatic shedding is unknown.

References

1. Millard PS, Gensheimer KF, Addiss DG, et al. An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis from fresh-pressed apple cider. JAMA 1994;272:1592-6.

2. CDC. Foodborne outbreak of diarrheal illness associated with Cryptosporidium parvum -- Minnesota, 1995. MMWR 1996;45:783-4.

3. CDC. Outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection and cryptosporidiosis associated with drinking unpasteurized apple cider -- Connecticut and New York, October 1996. MMWR 1997;46:4-8.

4. Mac Kenzie WR, Schell WL, Blair KA, et al. Massive outbreak of waterborne Cryptosporidium infection in Milwaukee, Wisconsin: recurrence of illness and risk of secondary transmission. Clin Infect Dis 1995;21:57-62.

5. Herwaldt BL, Ackers ML, The Cyclospora Working Group. An outbreak in 1996 of cyclosporiasis associated with imported raspberries. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1548-56.

6. Boyce TG, Pemberton AG, Addiss DG. Cryptosporidium testing practices among clinical laboratories in the United States. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1996;15:87-8.

7. Food and Drug Administration. Food code, 1997. Rockville, Maryland: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Food and Drug Administration, 1997.

8. Stehr-Green JK, McCaig L, Remsen HM, Rains CS, Fox M, Juranek DD. Shedding of oocysts in immunocompetent individuals infected with Cryptosporidium. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1987;36:338-42.

   
   

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