Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS)
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Chloroform
RTECS #
FS9100000CAS #
67-66-3; 8013-54-5Updated
September 201Molecular Weight
119.37Molecular Formula
CHCl3Synonyms
Chloroform (ACGIH:OSHA)Chloroforme (French)
Cloroformio (Italian)
Formyl trichloride
Methane trichloride
Methane, trichloro-
Methenyl trichloride
Methyl trichloride
NCI-C02686
R 20
R 20 (Refrigerant)
RCRA waste number U044
Trichloormethaan (Dutch)
Trichlormethan (Czech)
Trichloroform
Trichloromethane (OSHA)
Triclorometano (Italian)
Skin and Eye Irritation and References
| Route/Organism | Dose | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| eye /rabbit | 148 mg | AIHAAP 37,697,1976 | |
| eye /rabbit | 20 mg/24H | moderate | 85JCAE -,89,1986 |
| skin /rabbit | 10 mg/24H open irritation test | mild | AIHAAP 23,95,1962 |
| skin /rabbit | 500 mg/24H | mild | 85JCAE -,89,1986 |
Mutation Data and Reference
| System Test | Route/Organism/Tissue | Dose | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cytogenetic Analysis | intraperitoneal/rat | 1200 µg/kg | MUREAV 242,111,1990 |
| Cytogenetic Analysis | oral/rat | 597 mg/kg/5D- intermittent | MUREAV 242,111,1990 |
| DNA adduct | lymphocyte/mammal (species unspecified) | 1 mmol/L | TOLED5 11,243,1982 |
| DNA Damage | mammary gland/mouse | 3.8 mmol/L/2H | TOXID9 72,203,2003 |
| DNA Damage | mammary gland/rat | 3.8 mmol/L/2H | TOXID9 72,203,2003 |
| DNA Damage | lung/human | 100 µmol/L/3H | MUREAV 538,41,2003 |
| DNA Damage | liver/rat | 8 mmol/L/2H | TXCYAC 187,101,2003 |
| DNA Damage | other cell types/human | 10 mmol/L/4H | MUREAV 741,89,2012 |
| DNA inhibition | HeLa cell/human | 19 mmol/L | CRNGDP 13,2389,1992 |
| DNA repair | /Escherichia coli | 500 mg/L | PMRSDJ 1,195,1981 |
| DNA repair | /Saccharomyes cerevisiae | 100 mg/L | PMRSDJ 1,502,1981 |
| gene conversion and mitotic recombination | /Saccharomyes cerevisiae | 2980 mg/L | MUREAV 397,271,1998 |
| micronucleus test | oral/rat | 4 mmol/kg | MUREAV 413,1,1998 |
| morphological transform | kidney/hamster | 4430 mg/L | PMRSDJ 1,626,1981 |
| morphological transform | fibroblast/mouse | 0.1 pph/21D (-enzymatic activation step) | EMMUEG 35,300,2000 |
| mutation in mammalian somatic cells | lung/hamster | 1 mg/L | BLFSBY 39,359,1986 |
| mutation in microorganisms | /Salmonella typhimurium | 0.1 pph/24H (-enzymatic activation step) | EMMUEG 43,128,2004 |
| mutation in microorganisms | /Salmonella typhimurium | 20 µg/plate (+/-enzymatic activation step) | PMRSDJ 1,280,1981 |
| mutation in microorganisms | /Escherichia coli | 0.5 pph/24H (+enzymatic activation step) | EMMUEG 43,128,2004 |
| mutation in microorganisms | lymphocyte/mouse | 12 mg/L (+enzymatic activation step) | EMMUEG 12(Suppl 13),103,1988 |
| mutation in microorganisms | /Schizosaccharomyces pombe | 5 mg/L (+enzymatic activation step) | PMRSDJ 1,424,1981 |
| other mutation test systems | inhalation/grasshopper | 15 pph/16H | MUREAV 113,467,1983 |
| other mutation test systems | fibroblast/hamster | 1 pph | ANESAV 43,21,1975 |
| sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction | lung/hamster | 60 mmol/L | MUREAV 182,135,1987 |
| sister chromatid exchange | embryo/hamster | 100 µmol/L | SHIGAZ 74,1385,1987 |
| sister chromatid exchange | inhalation/mouse | 300 ppm/6H | IGAYAY 122,978,1982 |
| sister chromatid exchange | oral/mouse | 200 mg/kg/4D- intermittent | ENVRAL 32,72,1983 |
| sister chromatid exchange | leukocyte/rat | 1 mmol/L | MUREAV 300,241,1993 |
| sister chromatid exchange | lymphocyte/human | 10 mmol/L | ENVRAL 32,72,1983 |
| specific locus test | other cell types/mouse | 0.4 µmol/L | MUREAV 608,29,2006 |
| sperm morphology | inhalation/mouse | 400 ppm/4H/5D- intermittent | ANESAV 54,53,1981 |
| Unscheduled DNA Synthesis | intraperitoneal/mouse | 50 mg/kg | TOLED5 21,357,1984 |
| Unscheduled DNA Synthesis | oral/rat | 1 gm/kg | MUREAV 320,189,1994 |
Reproductive Effects Data and References
| Route/Organism | Dose | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| inhalation/rat | 30 ppm/7H (6-15D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Other measures of fertility Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system | TXAPA9 28,442,1974 |
| inhalation/rat | 100 ppm/7H (6-15D pregnant) | Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Gastrointestinal system Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Homeostasis | TXAPA9 28,442,1974 |
| inhalation/rat | 300 ppm/7H (6-15D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Female fertility index (e.g., # females pregnant per # sperm positive females; # females pregnant per # females mated) Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) | TXAPA9 28,442,1974 |
| inhalation/rat | 20100 µg/m3/1H (7-14D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal death | NTIS** PB277-077 |
| inhalation/mouse | 100 ppm/7H (1-7D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Female fertility index (e.g., # females pregnant per # sperm positive females; # females pregnant per # females mated) Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) | TXAPA9 50,515,1979 |
| inhalation/mouse | 100 ppm/7H (8-15D pregnant) | Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Craniofacial (including nose and tongue) | TXAPA9 50,515,1979 |
| oral/rabbit | 260 mg/kg (6-18D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system | TXAPA9 29,348,1974 |
| oral/rat | 41 mg/kg (multigenerations) | Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Urogenital system | NTIS** #PB89148639 |
| oral/mouse | 2177 mg/kg (3W male/3W pre-7D after birth) | Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic | NETOD7 1,199,1979 |
| oral/mouse | 2115 mg/kg (3W male/3W pre-5D after birth) | Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Other postnatal measures or effects | EVHPAZ 46,127,1982 |
| oral/rat | 1260 mg/kg (6-15D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system | TXAPA9 29,348,1974 |
| oral/rat | 4 gm/kg (6-15D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) | JPFCD2 18,333,1983 |
Tumorigenic Data and References
| Route/Organism | Dose | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 127 gm/kg/92W- intermittent | Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Liver: Tumors | NCITR* NCI-TR-0,1976 |
| oral/mouse | toxic dose: 18 gm/kg/17W- intermittent | Tumorigenic: Neoplastic by RTECS criteria Liver: Tumors | JNCIAM 5,251,1945 |
| oral/mouse | toxic dose: 130 gm/kg/2Y- intermittent | Tumorigenic: Neoplastic by RTECS criteria Liver: Tumors Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Bladder tumors | VOONAW 33(8),81,1987 |
| oral/mouse | toxic dose: 24752 mg/kg/2Y- continuous | Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Liver: Tumors | FAATDF 5,760,1985 |
| oral/rat | toxic dose: 58968 mg/kg/2Y- continuous | Tumorigenic: Neoplastic by RTECS criteria Endocrine: Thyroid tumors Blood: Tumors | FAATDF 5,760,1985 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 13832 mg/kg/2Y- continuous | Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Blood: Leukemia | FAATDF 5,760,1985 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 88.2 gm/kg/100W- continuous | Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Liver: Tumors | TOXID9 72,84,2003 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 48 gm/kg/16W- intermittent | Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Kidney tumors Tumorigenic: Increased incidence of tumors in susceptible strains | TXCYAC 187,1,2003 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 216 gm/kg/16W- intermittent | Tumorigenic: Neoplastic by RTECS criteria Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Kidney tumors Tumorigenic: Increased incidence of tumors in susceptible strains | TXCYAC 187,1,2003 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 675 gm/kg/40W- intermittent | Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Kidney tumors Tumorigenic: Increased incidence of tumors in susceptible strains | TXCYAC 187,1,2003 |
| oral/rat | toxic dose: 7020 mg/kg/78W- intermittent | Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Liver: Tumors Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Kidney tumors | EVHPAZ 31,171,1979 |
| oral/rat | toxic dose: 70 gm/kg/78W- intermittent | Tumorigenic: Neoplastic by RTECS criteria Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Kidney tumors Endocrine: Thyroid tumors | NCITR* NCI-TR-0,1976 |
| oral/rat | toxic dose: 98 gm/kg/78W- intermittent | Tumorigenic: Neoplastic by RTECS criteria Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Kidney tumors Endocrine: Thyroid tumors | NCITR* NCI-TR-0,1976 |
Acute Toxicity Data and References
| Route/Organism | Dose | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| In Vitro/Chicken, neurons | Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 34566 µmol/L/21H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc. | TIVIEQ 7,653,1993 |
| In Vitro/Chicken, neurons | Inhibitor Concentration (10 percent kill): 7391 µmol/L/21H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc. | TIVIEQ 7,653,1993 |
| In Vitro/Chicken, neurons | Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 22125 µmol/L/20H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (lysosomal damage): neutral red assay etc. | TIVIEQ 7,653,1993 |
| In Vitro/Chicken, neurons | Inhibitor Concentration (10 percent kill): 2800 µmol/L/20H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (lysosomal damage): neutral red assay etc. | TIVIEQ 7,653,1993 |
| In Vitro/Non-mammalian species, liver | Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 25 mmol/L/1H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell Viability (cell death), unspecified assay | AQUTO* 37,327,1997 |
| inhalation/cat | lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 47 gm/m3/4H | ENTOX* -,561,2005 | |
| inhalation/cat | Lowest published lethal concentration: 35 gm/m3/4H | Behavioral: General anesthetic Gastrointestinal: Changes in structure or function of salivary glands Gastrointestinal: Nausea or vomiting | AHBAAM 116,131,1936 |
| inhalation/cat | lowest published toxic concentration: 30000 mg/m3/3H | Behavioral: General anesthetic | VCVGH* -,330,1990 |
| inhalation/cat | lowest published toxic concentration: 70000 mg/m3/40M | Behavioral: General anesthetic | VCVGH* -,330,1990 |
| inhalation/Dog | lowest published toxic concentration: 80000 mg/m3 | Behavioral: General anesthetic | VCVGH* -,330,1990 |
| inhalation/Dog | Lowest published lethal concentration: 100 gm/m3 | PCOC** -,230,1966 | |
| inhalation/frog | Lowest published lethal concentration: 6 gm/m3 | AEXPBL 97,86,1923 | |
| inhalation/guinea pig | Lowest published lethal concentration: 20000 ppm/2H | FLCRAP 1,197,1967 | |
| inhalation/guinea pig | lowest published toxic concentration: 33000 mg/m3 | Behavioral: General anesthetic | VCVGH* -,330,1990 |
| inhalation/human | lowest published toxic concentration: 10 mg/m3/1Y | Behavioral: Anorexia (human) Gastrointestinal: Nausea or vomiting Gastrointestinal: Other changes | IRGGAJ 24,127,1967 |
| inhalation/human | Lowest published lethal concentration: 25000 ppm/5M | TABIA2 3,231,1933 | |
| inhalation/human | lowest published toxic concentration: 5000 mg/m3/7M | Behavioral: Hallucinations, distorted perceptions | AHBAAM 116,131,1936 |
| inhalation/mammal (species unspecified) | Lowest published lethal concentration: 25000 ppm/5M | AEPPAE 138,65,1928 | |
| inhalation/mouse | lowest published toxic concentration: 20000 mg/m3/2H | Behavioral: General anesthetic | VCVGH* -,307,1990 |
| inhalation/mouse | lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 17200 mg/m3/2H | VCVGH* -,330,1990 | |
| inhalation/mouse | lethal concentration (16 percent kill): 16000 mg/m3/2H | VCVGH* -,330,1990 | |
| inhalation/mouse | lethal concentration (84 percent kill): 29000 mg/m3/2H | VCVGH* -,330,1990 | |
| inhalation/mouse | lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 6000 mg/m3/6H | VCVGH* -,330,1990 | |
| inhalation/mouse | Lowest published lethal concentration: 23 gm/m3/56M | Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Spastic paralysis with/without sensory change Behavioral: General anesthetic Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay) | BIZEA2 115,235,1921 |
| inhalation/rabbit | Lowest published lethal concentration: 59 gm/m3 | PCOC** -,230,1966 | |
| inhalation/rat | lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 47702 mg/m3/4H | ENVRAL 40,411,1986 | |
| inhalation/rat | lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 6000 mg/m3/6H | VCVGH* -,330,1990 | |
| intraperitoneal/Dog | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 1 gm/kg | Liver: Liver function tests impaired | TXAPA9 10,119,1967 |
| intraperitoneal/mouse | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 623 mg/kg | AGGHAR 18,109,1960 | |
| intraperitoneal/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 150 mg/kg | Liver: Other changes Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other | TOXID9 60,259,2001 |
| intraperitoneal/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 180 mg/kg | Liver: Other changes Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other | JAPTO* 24,203,2004 |
| intraperitoneal/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 150 mg/kg | Liver: Other changes Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other | FCLPH* 22(Suppl 1),52,2008 |
| intraperitoneal/rat | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 894 mg/kg | ENVRAL 40,411,1986 | |
| intraperitoneal/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 0.5 mL/kg | Liver: Other changes Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Hepatic microsomal mixed oxidase (dealkylation, hydroxylation, etc.) Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other proteins | TOXID9 72,96,2003 |
| intravenous/Dog | lowest published lethal dose: 75 mg/kg | QJPPAL 7,205,1934 | |
| oral/Dog | lowest published lethal dose: 1 gm/kg | QJPPAL 7,205,1934 | |
| oral/guinea pig | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 820 mg/kg | ENTOX* -,561,2005 | |
| oral/man | lowest published lethal dose: 2514 mg/kg | Behavioral: Muscle contraction or spasticity Cardiac: Other changes Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis) | AJEMEN 6,507,1988 |
| oral/mouse | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 36 mg/kg | ATSUDG 2,371,1979 | |
| oral/mouse | lethal dose (16 percent kill): 620 mg/kg | VCVGH* -,330,1990 | |
| oral/mouse | lethal dose (84 percent kill): 1650 mg/kg | VCVGH* -,330,1990 | |
| oral/mouse | lethal dose (90 percent kill): 750 mg/kg | TXAPA9 213,267,2006 | |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 150 mg/kg | Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Renal function tests depressed Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Transaminases | TXAPA9 213,267,2006 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 225 mg/kg | Liver: Other changes | TXAPA9 213,267,2006 |
| oral/mouse | lethal dose (90 percent kill): 750 mg/kg | Liver: Hepatitis (hepatocellular necrosis), diffuse Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis) Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Renal function tests depressed | TXAPA9 216,108,2006 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 150 mg/kg | Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Transaminases | TXAPA9 227,48,2008 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 100 mg/kg | Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes | TOXID9 66,289,2002 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published lethal dose: 750 mg/kg | Liver: Other changes Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes | TOXID9 44,15,2005 |
| oral/rabbit | lowest published lethal dose: 500 mg/kg | AEXPBL 97,86,1923 | |
| oral/rat | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 695 mg/kg | Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay) Behavioral: Ataxia Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory stimulation | KHZDAN 29(5),39,1986 |
| oral/rat | lethal dose (16 percent kill): 800 mg/kg | VCVGH* -,330,1990 | |
| oral/rat | lethal dose (84 percent kill): 985 mg/kg | VCVGH* -,330,1990 | |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 0.5 mL/kg | Liver: Other changes Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Cytochrome oxidases (indlucing oxidative phosphrylation) | VCVGH* -,331,1990 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 14.9 mg/kg | Liver: Liver function tests impaired | TOXID9 66,49,2002 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 119.37 mg/kg | Liver: Other changes Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes in urine composition Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Dehydrogenases | TOXID9 60,236,2001 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 119.37 mg/kg | Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Transaminases Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other transferases | TOXID9 60,236,2001 |
| oral/rat | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 300 mg/kg | ENTOX* -,561,2005 | |
| skin/rabbit | lethal dose (50 percent kill): >20 gm/kg | ENTOX* -,561,2005 | |
| subcutaneous/mouse | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 704 mg/kg | ENTOX* -,561,2005 | |
| subcutaneous/rabbit | lowest published lethal dose: 800 mg/kg | QJPPAL 7,205,1934 | |
| unreported route/human | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 2.9 mL/kg | VCVGH* -,331,1990 | |
| unreported route/human | lowest published toxic dose: 6.3 mg/kg | Gastrointestinal: Gastritis Gastrointestinal: Necrotic changes | VCVGH* -,331,1990 |
| unreported route/man | lowest published lethal dose: 546 mg/kg | 85DCAI 2,73,1970 | |
| unreported route/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 500 mg/kg | Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol) Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Transaminases Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other | TOXID9 44,472,2005 |
Other Multiple Dose Data and References
| Route/Organism | Dose | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| inhalation/Dog | lowest published toxic concentration: 25 ppm/7H/26W- intermittent | Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis) | AIHAAP 37,697,1976 |
| inhalation/guinea pig | lowest published toxic concentration: 85 ppm/7H/26W- intermittent | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Fibrosis, focal (pneumoconiosis) | AIHAAP 37,697,1976 |
| inhalation/mouse | lowest published toxic concentration: 10 ppm/2D- intermittent | Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity) | TOSCF2 66,201,2002 |
| inhalation/mouse | lowest published toxic concentration: 30 ppm/7D- intermittent | Liver: Hepatitis (hepatocellular necrosis), zonal Liver: Changes in liver weight Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity) | TOSCF2 66,201,2002 |
| inhalation/mouse | lowest published toxic concentration: 12 ppm/6H/13W- intermittent | Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field | JTSCDR 18,423,1993 |
| inhalation/mouse | lowest published toxic concentration: 100 ppm/6H/7D- intermittent | Liver: Other changes Liver: Changes in liver weight Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain | FAATDF 22,431,1994 |
| inhalation/rabbit | lowest published toxic concentration: 85 ppm/7H/26W- intermittent | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Fibrosis, focal (pneumoconiosis) | AIHAAP 37,697,1976 |
| inhalation/rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 25 ppm/104W- intermittent | Behavioral: Fluid intake Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain | JTEHF8 69,1827,2006 |
| inhalation/rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 50 ppm/7H/26W- intermittent | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Fibrosis, focal (pneumoconiosis) Liver: Other changes Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in bladder weight | AIHAAP 37,697,1976 |
| inhalation/rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 90 ppm/6H/13W- intermittent | Liver: Hepatitis (hepatocellular necrosis), diffuse Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis) Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain | FAATDF 32,109,1996 |
| inhalation/rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 300 ppm/6H/7D- intermittent | Olfaction: Other olfaction effects Musculoskeletal: Other changes | TXAPA9 125,214,1994 |
| inhalation/rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 592 mg/m3/2.5H/2W- intermittent | Behavioral: Food intake (animal) Liver: Other changes Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes | WDZAEK 6,243,1992 |
| intraperitoneal/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 300 mg/kg/3D- intermittent | Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other enzymes | TOXID9 66,116,2002 |
| multiple/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 72.8 gm/kg/104W- intermittent | Liver: Fatty liver degeneration Liver: Other changes | TOXID9 66,186,2002 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 4760 mg/kg/26D- intermittent | Liver: Other changes Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other transferases Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other proteins | TOXID9 78,353,2004 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 1000 mg/kg/5D- intermittent | Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes | TOXID9 66,265,2002 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 14560 mg/kg/0.5Y- continuous | Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis) Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes | TOXID9 60,152,2001 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 10920 mg/kg/13W- intermittent | Liver: Other changes | TOXID9 60,286,2001 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 4500 mg/kg/30D- intermittent | Behavioral: Tolerance Liver: Other changes Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes | TOXID9 78,314,2004 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 9000 mg/kg/30D- intermittent | Behavioral: Tolerance Liver: Other changes Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field | TOXID9 78,314,2004 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 900 mg/kg/3D- intermittent | Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field | TXAPA9 213,267,2006 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 1050 mg/kg/7D- intermittent | Liver: Hepatitis (hepatocellular necrosis), zonal Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis) Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation | TXAPA9 213,267,2006 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 1000 mg/kg/5D- continuous | Liver: Other changes Liver: Changes in liver weight Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in kidney weight | MUREAV 574,67,2005 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 1000 mg/kg/5D- continuous | Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes Endocrine: Other changes Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other transferases | MUREAV 574,67,2005 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 1000 mg/kg/5D- continuous | Behavioral: Fluid intake Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol) Blood: Other changes | MUREAV 574,67,2005 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 1000 mg/kg/5D- continuous | Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other enzymes Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other | MUREAV 574,67,2005 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 2000 mg/kg/10D- continuous | Liver: Other changes Liver: Changes in liver weight Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in kidney weight | MUREAV 574,67,2005 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 2000 mg/kg/10D- continuous | Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes Endocrine: Other changes Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other transferases | MUREAV 574,67,2005 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 2000 mg/kg/10D- continuous | Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol) Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other enzymes Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other | MUREAV 574,67,2005 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 1600 mg/kg/8D- continuous | Behavioral: Food intake (animal) Behavioral: Fluid intake | MUREAV 574,67,2005 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 1750 mg/kg/14D- continuous | Liver: Changes in liver weight Endocrine: Changes in spleen weight Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain | EVHPAZ 46,117,1982 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 560 mg/kg/4D- intermittent | Liver: Hepatitis (hepatocellular necrosis), diffuse Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis) Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes | TOSCF2 50,90,1999 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 9100 mg/kg/13W- intermittent | Liver: Changes in liver weight Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in kidney weight | TOSCF2 50,90,1999 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 4500 mg/kg/30D- intermittent | Liver: Other changes Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes | TOXID9 78,104,2004 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 9000 mg/kg/30D- intermittent | Liver: Other changes Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field | TOXID9 78,104,2004 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 300 mg/kg/3D- intermittent | Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other enzymes | TOXID9 66,116,2002 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 32760 mg/kg/104W- intermittent | Behavioral: Fluid intake Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain | JTEHF8 69,1827,2006 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 37.1 gm/kg/100W- continuous | Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain | TOXID9 72,84,2003 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 88.2 gm/kg/100W- continuous | Liver: Other changes | TOXID9 72,84,2003 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 54 mg/kg/3D- intermittent | Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other proteins | TXCYAC 180,233,2002 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 540 mg/kg/3D- intermittent | Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis) Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other proteins | TXCYAC 180,233,2002 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 3600 mg/kg/28D- intermittent | Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis) Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other proteins Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain | TXCYAC 180,233,2002 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 840 mg/kg/28D- continuous | Blood: Changes in other cell count (unspecified) | JPFCD2 17,205,1982 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 7560 mg/kg/21D- intermittent | Liver: Changes in liver weight Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Transaminases | GISAAA 48(3),10,1983 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 5 mg/kg/10D- intermittent | Liver: Other changes Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Dehydrogenases Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other transferases | TXCYAC 14,23,1979 |
| unreported route/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 540 mg/kg/3D- intermittent | Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes | TOXID9 66,62,2002 |
Reviews
| Organization | Standard | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) | Threshold Limit Value-time-weighted average 10 ppm | DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2013 |
| American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) | Threshold Limit Value-Confirmed animal carcinogen | DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2013 |
| International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) | Cancer Review:Animal Sufficient Evidence | IMEMDT 20,401,1979 |
| International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) | Cancer Review:Animal Sufficient Evidence | IMEMDT 73,131,1999 |
| International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) | Cancer Review:Human Inadequate Evidence | IMEMDT 20,401,1979 |
| International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) | Cancer Review:Human Inadequate Evidence | IMEMDT 73,131,1999 |
| International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) | Cancer Review:Group 2B | IMEMDT 73,131,1999 |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | ARZNAD 24,173,1974 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | AJMEAZ 38,409,1965 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | FNSCA6 2,67,1973 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | DCTODJ 1,259,1978 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | BNYMAM 54,413,1978 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | EMMUEG 39,69,2002 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | CTOXAO 13,231,1978 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 543,201,2003 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 567,227,2004 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 567,109,2004 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 567,151,2004 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | TXCYAC 198,239,2004 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | CHHSA* 12,36,2005 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | DIMON* 39,678,1993 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 628,67,2007 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | ENTOX* -,546,2005 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | ENTOX* -,561,2005 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | ENTOX* -,389,2005 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | BCLPT* 96,131,2005 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | HETOEA 25,413,2006 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 636,242,2007 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 658,124,2008 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | JTEHD6 5,283,2002 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | HUTOX* -,493,1996 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | HUTOX* -,577,1996 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | TOLED5 180,100,2008 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 608,157,2006 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 590,1,2005 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUTAEX 22,161,2007 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | NCLNA* 16,503,1998 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | NBREV* 5,1,1981 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | NTAPM* -,629,1995 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 705,184,2010 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | REPTED 32,142,2011 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 721,27,2011 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 722,147,2011 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 733,39,2012 |
Standards and Regulations
| Organization | Standard | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) STANDARD | air-ceiling concentration 50 ppm (240 mg/m3) | DTLWS* 3,14,1973 |
| Occupational Exposure Limit IN ARGENTINA, BULGARIA, COLOMBIA, JORDAN check ACGIH TLV; | ||
| Occupational Exposure Limit IN SINGAPORE, VIETNAM check ACGIH TLV | ||
| Occupational Exposure Limit-ARAB Republic of Egypt | time-weighted average 10 ppm (50 mg/m3), JAN1993 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-AUSTRALIA | time-weighted average 2 ppm (10 mg/m3), Carcinogen, JUL2008 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-AUSTRIA | MAK-TMW 2 ppm (10 mg/m3), skin, 2007 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-BELGIUM | time-weighted average 2 ppm (10 mg/m3), Skin, MAR2002 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-DENMARK | time-weighted average 2 ppm (10 mg/m3), skin, carc, MAY2011 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-EC | time-weighted average 10 mg/m3 (2 ppm), skin, JUN2000 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-FINLAND | time-weighted average 2 ppm (10 mg/m3), short term exposure limit 4 ppm (20 mg/m3), skin, NOV2011 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-FRANCE | VME 2 ppm (10 mg/m3), VLE 50 ppm (250 mg/m3), Skin, C3 Carcinogen, FEB2006 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-GERMANY | MAK 0,5 ppm (2,5 mg/m3), 2011 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-HUNGARY | time-weighted average 10 mg/m3, short term exposure limit 10 mg/m3, SEP2000 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-ICELAND | time-weighted average 2 ppm (10 mg/m3), carc, skin, NOV2011 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-INDIA | time-weighted average 10 ppm (50 mg/m3), Carcinogen, JAN1993 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-JAPAN | Occupational Exposure Limit 3 ppm (14.7 mg/m3), skin, 2B carc, MAY2012 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-KOREA | time-weighted average 10 ppm (50 mg/m3), 2006 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-MEXICO | time-weighted average 10 ppm (50 mg/m3);short term exposure limit 50 ppm (225 mg/m3), 2004 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-NEW ZEALAND | time-weighted average 2 ppm (9.9 mg/m3), skin, JAN2002 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-NORWAY | time-weighted average 2 ppm (10 mg/m3), JAN1999 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-PERU | time-weighted average 10 ppm (49 mg/m3), JUL2005 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-POLAND | MAC(time-weighted average) 50 mg/m3, MAC(short term exposure limit) 225 mg/m3, JAN1999 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-RUSSIA | time-weighted average 5 mg/m3, short term exposure limit 10 mg/m3, Skin, JUN2003 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-SWEDEN | time-weighted average 2 ppm (10 mg/m3);short term exposure limit 5 ppm (25 mg/m3), Carcinogen, JUN2005 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-SWITZERLAND | MAK-week 0.5 ppm (2.5 mg/m3), KZG-week 1 ppm (5 mg/m3), carc 2, skin, JAN2011 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-THAILAND | time-weighted average 50 ppm (240 mg/m3), JAN1993 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-THE NETHERLANDS | MAC-TGG 5 mg/m3, 2003 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-THE PHILIPPINES | time-weighted average 50 ppm (240 mg/m3), JAN1993 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-TURKEY | time-weighted average 50 ppm (240 mg/m3), JAN1993 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-UNITED KINGDOM | time-weighted average 2 ppm (9.9 mg/m3), skin, OCT2007 | |
| Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Construction) | ceiling concentration 50 ppm (240 mg/m3) | CFRGBR 29,1926.55,1994 |
| Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Federal Contractors) | ceiling concentration 50 ppm (240 mg/m3) | CFRGBR 41,50-204.50,1994 |
| Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (General Industry) | ceiling concentration 50 ppm (240 mg/m3) | CFRGBR 29,1910.1000,1994 |
| Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Shipyards) | ceiling concentration 50 ppm (240 mg/m3) | CFRGBR 29,1915.1000,1993 |
NIOSH Documentation and Surveillance
| Organization | Standard | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Level TO CHLOROFORM-air | Carcinogen short term exposure limit 2 ppm/60M | NIOSH* DHHS #92-100,1992 |
| National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Level TO WASTE ANESTHETIC GASES AND VAPORS-air | ceiling concentration 2 ppm/1H | MMWR** 37(S-7),28,1988 |
| National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983 | Hazard Code 18500; Number of Industries 65; Total Number of Facilities 4890; Number of Occupations 55; Total Number of Employees Exposed 95773; Total Number of Female Employees Exposed 41397 | |
| National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974 | Hazard Code 18500; Number of Industries 78; Total Number of Facilities 5120; Number of Occupations 66; Total Number of Employees Exposed 96747 |
Status in Federal Agencies
| Organization | Reference |
|---|---|
| ATSDR TOXICOLOGY PROFILE (NTIS** PB/98/101140/AS) | |
| EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Inconclusive: Mammalian micronucleus; Sperm morphology-mouse | |
| EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Negative: Cell transform.-SA7/SHE; V79 cell culture-gene mutation | |
| EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive: Carcinogenicity-mouse/rat; S cerevisiae gene conversion | |
| EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive: S cerevisiae-homozygosis; S cerevisiae-reversion | |
| EPA TSCA Section 8(b) CHEMICAL INVENTORY | |
| EPA TSCA Section 8(d) unpublished health/safety studies | |
| EPA TSCA TEST SUBMISSION (TSCATS) DATA BASE, JANUARY 2001 | |
| NCI Carcinogenesis Bioassay (gavage);clear evidence:mouse,rat | NCITR* NCI-TR,1976 |
| NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: Hydrocarbons, halogenated, 1003 | |
| NIOSH CURRENT INTELLIGENCE BULLETIN 9, 1976 | |
| NTP 11th Report on Carcinogens,2004:Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen | |
| On EPA IRIS database | |
| OSHA ANALYTICAL METHOD #05 |
- Page last reviewed:March 7, 2014
- Page last updated:February 6, 2017
- Content source:
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Education and Information Division