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Perceived and Objective Measures of Neighborhood Environment for Physical Activity Among Mexican Adults, 2011

ORIGINAL RESEARCH — Volume 13 — June 9, 2016

PEER REVIEWED

Figure 1. Associations between objectively measured and perceived measures of environmental features: A. Residential density, as determined by the number of single residential units (objectively measured) and a residential density score (perceived), calculated according to the protocol of the Abbreviated Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale (theoretical range, 0–1,000); B. Land-use–mix, as determined by an entropy score (objectively measured) and the number of destinations within a 10-minute walk (perceived); C. Walking distance to nearest park in minutes, objectively measured and perceived (theoretical range, 2.5–35 min); D. Walking distance to nearest transit stop in minutes, objectively measured and perceived (theoretical range, 2.5–35 min); and E. Intersection density as determined by objective measurement and a score of perception (theoretical range, 1–5, based on averaged scores for Likert-scale response options of 1, strongly disagree, to 5, strongly agree to 2 statements: “There are many alternative routes for getting from place to place in my neighborhood” and “The distance between intersections in my neighborhood is usually short.”). Details of measurements are provided in the Appendix. Adjusted predictions and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated after running adjusted regression models. Models were adjusted for sex, age, socioeconomic status, motor-vehicle ownership, education level, perceived safety in the neighborhood, years living in the neighborhood, and corresponding interaction terms for each calculation. Error bars are 95% CIs.

Objectively Measured Perceived
Figure 1A
No. of single residential units Residential density score (95% CI)
<276 24.2 (18.1–30.4)
277–396 35.1 (26.1–44.1)
397–543 43.5 (35.5–51.4)
544–765 47.1 (30.0–64.2)
>765 52.1 (32.2–72.1)
Figure 1B
Entropy score within 1-km buffer No. of destinations within 10-min walk (95% CI)
1 8.9 (7.6–10.1)
2 9.8 (8.5–11.1)
3 11.2 (9.9–12.6)
4 11.4 (10.1–12.7)
5 11.2 (9.9–12.4)
Figure 1C
Walking distance to the nearest park, min Walking distance to the nearest park, min (95% CI)
<5 12.9 (10.3–15.6)
6–10 16.8(13.3–20.3)
11–20 19.8 (17.0–22.8)
21–30 25.3 (19.1–31.1)
≥30 19.6 (10.7–28.6)
Figure 1D
Walking distance to the nearest transit stop, min Walking distance to the nearest transit stop, min (95% CI)
<5 3.5 (2.9–4.0)
6–10 3.9 (2.3–5.5)
11–20 5.8 (3.2–8.4)
21–30 4.0 (1.6–6.4)
≥30 3.9 (2.6–5.2)
Figure 1E  
Intersection density within 500-m buffer Intersection density score (95% CI)
<107 2.0 (1.9–2.5)
107 to <144 2.2 (2.0–2.3)
144 to <187 2.0 (1.9–2.1)
187 to <244 2.1 (1.9–2.2)
≥244 2.1 (2.0–2.3)

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Figure 2. Individual features and perceptions of the built environment. Adjusted predictions and 95% CIs estimated after running adjusted regression models. Models were adjusted for sex, age, SES, motor-vehicle ownership, education level, perceived safety in the neighborhood, years living in the neighborhood, as well as the corresponding interaction terms for each figure. Error bars are 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Abbreviations: SES, socioeconomic status; PA, physical activity.

Figure Strata
Adjusted Prediction (95% CI) Adjusted Prediction (95% CI)
Figure 2A Perceived number of destinations within 10-min walk
Quintiles of objectively measured entropy score within 1-km buffer Low SES Medium SES
1 8.3 (6.6–10.0) 9.9 (8.0–11.7)
2 9.0 (5.9–12.0) 11.3 (9.9–12.7)
3 10.6 (8.9–12.2) 11.6 (9.8–13.3)
4 12.2 (10.2–14.1) 10.7 (9.2–12.1)
5 12.9 (10.7–15.1) 10.6 (8.0–13.1)
Quintiles of objectively measured entropy score within 1-km buffer Medium-High SES High SES
1 9.0 (7.4–10.7) 8.8 (6.6–11.1)
2 9.6 (7.9–11.3) 9.9 (8.0–11.8)
3 10.8 (9.0–12.6) 12.0 (9.2–14.8)
4 11.6 (10.1–13.1) 11.3 (9.3–13.4)
5 10.4 (8.6–12.2) 10.7 (9.2–12.3)
Figure 2B Perceived walking distance to the nearest park (min)
Objectively measured walking distance to the nearest park, min Park perceived as unsafe Park perceived as safe
<5 12.7 (10.1–15.2) 15.4 (0.6–30.1)
6–10 17.2 (13.5–20.8) 13.0 (7.4–18.6)
11–20 19.6 (16.9–22.3) 22.0 (12.2–31.7)
21–30 23.7 (17.0–30.5) 33.2 (30.2–36.1)
≥30 18.7 (10.0–27.3) 38.1 (33.0–43.2)
Figure 2C Perceived residential density score
Objectively measured number of single residential units within 500-m buffer No motor vehicle ownership Motor vehicle ownership
<276 17.6 (10.9–24.3) 27.3 (17.5–37.0)
277–396 28.5 (18.4–38.6) 40.3 (28.5–52.1)
397–543 39.8 (24.6–54.9) 46.0 (31.7–60.3)
544–765 48.2 (26.9–69.4) 47.4 (28.3–66.5)
>765 53.4 (38.1–68.6) 49.2 (22.5–75.9)
Figure 2D Perceived residential density score
Objectively measured number of single residential units within 500-m buffer Not meeting PA recommendations Meeting PA recommendations
<276 23.7 (15.1–32.2) 24.1 (14.9–33.2)
277–396 33.9 (21.1–46.7) 36.1 (25.1–47.0)
397–543 39.8 (28.9–50.8) 46.4 (30.5–62.3)
544–765 52.2 (33.3–71.1) 45.7 (26.6–64.9)
>765 36.7 (23.2–50.2) 64.0 (40.6–87.3)

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