Figure 1. Change in patients’ general knowledge of diabetes over time, measured with the Diabetes, Hypertension and Hyperlipidemia (DHL) knowledge instrument (15), for patients participating in the health coaching program. The change in score (possible range, 0–28) was assessed over time in A) all patients (n = 238), and in B) patients who completed the assessment at all time points. Scores for A at each time point after baseline were compared with baseline scores by using the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test. Scores for B at each time point after baseline were compared with baseline scores by using the Friedman test. Error bars indicate standard deviation.

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Figure 2. Change in general knowledge of diabetes over time in self-reported health status and levels of diabetes distress in patients with diabetes. A. Self-reported health status (measured by the Short-Form 36 Quality of Life Instrument [16,17]) among respondents who had a high baseline score (score of 4, 5, or 6) and who had completed a minimum of 2 assessments (n = 51, 21.4%). B. Diabetes distress among respondents who had moderate to high distress at baseline (Diabetes Distress Scale score >3) and who had completed a minimum of 2 assessments (n = 17, 7.1%); P = .04 for difference between 6 months and baseline; P = .003 for difference between 12 months and baseline. P values were calculated by using Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test. Error bars indicate standard deviation.

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