Group A Streptococci
Sanderson-Smith M, De Oliveira DM, Guglielmini J, McMillan DJ, Vu T, Holien JK, Henningham A, Steer AC, Bessen DE, Dale JB, Curtis N, Beall BW, Walker MJ, Parker MW, Carapetis JR, Van Melderen L, Sriprakash KS, Smeesters PR; M Protein Study Group. A Systematic and Functional Classification of Streptococcus pyogenes That Serves as a New Tool for Molecular Typing and Vaccine Development . J Infect Dis. 2014 Oct 15;210(8):1325-38.
Athey TB, Teatero S, Li A, Marchand-Austin A, Beall BW, Fittipaldi N. Deriving group A Streptococcus typing information from short-read whole-genome sequencing data. J Clin Microbiol. 2014 Jun;52(6):1871-6.
Dooling KL, Crist MB, Nguyen DB, Bass J, Lorentzson L, Toews KA, Pondo T, Stone ND, Beall B, Van Beneden C. Investigation of a prolonged Group A Streptococcal outbreak among residents of a skilled nursing facility, Georgia, 2009-2012. Clin Infect Dis. 2013 Dec;57(11):1562-7.
Kang SO, Wright JO, Tesorero RA, Lee H, Beall B, Cho KH. Thermoregulation of capsule production by Streptococcus pyogenes. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e37367.
Jorgensen JH, McElmeel ML, Fulcher LC, McGee L, Richter SS, Heilmann KP, Ferraro MJ, Spargo J, Glennen A. Collaborative evaluation of an erythromycin-clindamycin combination well for detection of inducible clindamycin resistance in beta-hemolytic streptococci by use of the CLSI broth microdilution method. J Clin Microbiol. 2011 Aug;49(8):2884-6.
Nir-Paz R, Korenman Z, Ron M, Michael-Gayego A, Cohen-Poradosu R, Valinsky L, Beall B, Moses AE. Streptococcus pyogenes emm and T types within a decade, 1996-2005: implications for epidemiology and future vaccines.
Steer AC, Law I, Matatolu L, Beall BW, Carapetis JR. Global emm type distribution of group A streptococci: systematic review and implications for vaccine development. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009 Oct;9(10):611-6.
Shulman ST, Tanz RR, Dale JB, Beall B, Kabat W, Kabat K, Cederlund E, Patel D, Rippe J, Li Z, Sakota V; North American Streptococcal Pharyngitis Surveillance Group. Seven-year surveillance of North American pediatric group a streptococcal pharyngitis isolates. Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Jul 1;49(1):78-84.
Lauth X, von Köckritz-Blickwede M, McNamara CW, Myskowski S, Zinkernagel AS, Beall B, Ghosh P, Gallo RL, Nizet V. M1 protein allows Group A streptococcal survival in phagocyte extracellular traps through cathelicidin inhibition. J Innate Immun. 2009 Apr;1(3):202-14
Rainbow J, Jewell B, Danila RN, Boxrud D, Beall B, Van Beneden C, Lynfield R. Invasive group a streptococcal disease in nursing homes, Minnesota, 1995-2006. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008 May;14(5):772-7
Menon T, Lloyd C, Malathy B, Sakota V, Jackson D, Beall B. emm type diversity of beta-haemolytic streptococci recovered in Chennai, India. J Med Microbiol. 2008 Apr;57(Pt 4):540-2
Woodbury RL, Klammer KA, Xiong Y, Bailiff T, Glennen A, Bartkus JM, Lynfield R, Van Beneden C, Beall BW; Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Team. Plasmid-Borne erm(T) from invasive, macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pyogenes strains. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008 Mar;52(3):1140-3.
Thigpen MC, Richards CL Jr, Lynfield R, Barrett NL, Harrison LH, Arnold KE, Reingold A, Bennett NM, Craig AS, Gershman K, Cieslak PR, Lewis P, Greene CM, Beall B, Van Beneden CA; Active Bacterial Core surveillance / Emerging Infections Program Network. Invasive group A streptococcal infection in older adults in long-term care facilities and the community, United States, 1998-2003. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007 Dec;13(12):1852-9
O'Loughlin RE, Roberson A, Cieslak PR, Lynfield R, Gershman K, Craig A, Albanese BA, Farley MM, Barrett NL, Spina NL, Beall B, Harrison LH, Reingold A, Van Beneden C; Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Team . The epidemiology of invasive group A streptococcal infection and potential vaccine implications: United States, 2000-2004. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Oct 1;45(7):853-62.Lee EH, Ferguson D, Jernigan D, Greenwald M, Cote T, Bos JE, Guarner J, Zaki S, Schuchat A, Beall B, Srinivasan A . Invasive group-a streptococcal infection in an allograft recipient. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007 Sep;89(9):2044-7.Jaggi P, Beall B, Rippe J, Tanz RR, Shulman ST . Macrolide resistance and emm type distribution of invasive pediatric group A streptococcal isolates: three-year prospective surveillance from a children's hospital. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2007 Mar;26(3):253-5.Neal S, Beall B, Ekelund K, Henriques-Normark B, Jasir A, Johnson D, Kaplan E, Lovgren M, Reinert RR; Strep-EURO Study Group; International Streptococcus Reference Laboratories, Efstratiou A . International quality assurance study for characterization of Streptococcus pyogenes. J Clin Microbiol. 2007 Apr;45(4):1175-9.Thigpen MC, Thomas DM, Gloss D, Park SY, Khan AJ, Fogelman VL, Beall B, Van Beneden CA, Todd RL, Greene CM . Nursing home outbreak of invasive group a streptococcal infections caused by 2 distinct strains. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2007 Jan;28(1):68-74.Arnold KE, Schweitzer JL, Wallace B, Salter M, Neeman R, Hlady WG, Beall B . Tightly clustered outbreak of group A streptococcal disease at a long-term care facility. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2006 Dec;27(12):1377-84.Garcia A, Paul K, Beall B, McClure H . Toxic shock due to Streptococcus pyogenes in a rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2006 Sep;45(5):79-82.Beall, B., Facklam, R., Thompson, T. 1996. Sequencing emm -specific PCR products for routine and accurate typing of group A streptococci . J. Clin. Microbiol. 34:953-958.
Beall B, Facklam R, Hoenes T, Schwartz B. 1997. A survey of emm gene sequences from systemic Streptococcus pyogenes infection isolates collected in San Francisco, California; Atlanta, Georgia; and Connecticut in 1994 and 1995 . J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:1231-1235.
Fiorentino TR, Beall B, Mshar P, Besen DE. 1997. A genetic-based evaluation of principal tissue reservoir for group A streptococci isolated from normally sterile sites . J. Infect. Dis. 176:177-182.
Beall B, Facklam R, Hoenes T, Schwartz B. 1997. Application of emm gene sequencing and T antigen serology for typing group A streptococci systemic isolates: Survey of random and outbreak-related isolates . Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 418:307-311.
Beall B, Facklam RR, Elliott JA, Franklin AR, Hoenes T, Jackson D, Laclaire L, Thompson T, Viswanathan R. 1998. Streptococcal emm types associated with T agglutination patterns and the use of conserved emm gene restriction fragment patterns for subtyping group A streptococci . J. Med. Microbiol. 47:893-8.
Zurawski CA, Bardsley M, Beall B, Elliott JA, Facklam R, Schwartz B, Farley MM. 1998. Invasive group A streptococcal disease in metropolitan Atlanta: a population-based assessment . Clin. Infect. Dis. 27:150-157.
Bessen DE, Izzo MW, Fiorentino TR, Caringal RM, Hollingshead SK, Beall B. 1999. Bessen, D. E., Izzo, M. W., Fiorentino, T. R., Caringal, R. M., Beall, B. Genetic linkage of exotoxin alleles and emm gene markers for tissue tropism in group A streptococci . J. Infect. Dis. 179:3:627-636.
Jamal F, Pit S, Facklam R, Beall B. 1999. New emm (M protein gene) sequences obtained from group A streptococci isolated from Malaysian patients . Emerg. Infect. Dis. 5:182-183
Facklam R, Beall B, Efstratiou A, Fischetti V, Johnson D, Kaplan E, Kriz P, Lovgren M, Martin D, Schwartz B, Totolian A, Bessen D, Hollingshead S, Rubin F, Scott J, Tyrrell G. 1999. emm typing and validation of provisional M types for group A streptococci . Emerg. Infect. Dis. 5:247-53
Beall B, Gherardi G, Lovgren M, Facklam RR, Forwick BA, Tyrrell GJ. 2000. emm and sof gene sequence variation in relation to serological typing of opacity factor positive group A streptococci . Microbiology. 146: 1195-1209.
Phillips G, Efstratiou A, Tanna A, Beall B, Ferguson J, Roworth M. 2000. An outbreak of skin sepsis in abbatoir workers caused by an 'unusual' strain of Streptococcus pyogenes . J. Med. Microbiol. 49: 371-374.
Nizet V, Beall B, Bast DJ, Datta V, Kilburn L, Low DE, De Azavedo JC. 2000. Genetic locus for Streptolysin S production by group A Streptococcus . Infection and Immunity. 68:4245-4254.
Bessen DE, Carapetis JR, Beall B, Katz R, Hibble M, Currie BJ, Collingridge T, Izzo MW, Scaramuzzino DA, Sriprakash KS. 2000. Contrasting Molecular Epidemiology of Group A Streptococci Causing Tropical and Nontropical Infections of the Skin and Throat . J Infect Dis 182:1109-1116
El Tayeb, S. H. M, Z. Li, L. LaClaire, R. Facklam, and B. Beall. 2000. emm types of non-sterile site beta-hemolytic streptococci from Egyptian patients. In: Martin DR, Tagg JR. eds. Streptococci and Streptococcal Diseases -Entering the New Millennium. Proceedings XIV Lancefield International Symposium on Streptococci and Streptococcal Diseases. Securacopy, N. Z. 2000: pp 827-830.
Dicuonzo G, Gherardi G, Lorino G, Angeletti S, De Cesaris M, Fiscarelli E, Bessen DE, Beall B. 2001. Group A streptococcal genotypes from pediatric throat isolates in Rome, Italy . J. Clin. Microbiol. 39:1687-1690.
Teixeira LM, Barros RR, Castro AC, Peralta JM, Da Gloria S Carvalho M, Talkington DF, Vivoni AM, Facklam RR, Beall B. 2001. Genetic and phenotypic features of new Streptococcus pyogenes strains isolated in Brazil . J. Clin. Microbiol. 39:3290-3295.
Facklam RF, Martin DR, Lovgren M, Johnson DR, Efstratiou A, Thompson TA, Gowan S, Kriz P, Tyrrell GJ, Kaplan E, Beall B. 2001. Continued extension of the Lancefield classification scheme for group A streptococci by addition of 22 new M protein gene sequence types: emm103 to emm124 . Clin. Inf. Dis. 34:28-38.
Hu MC, Walls MA, Stroop SD, Reddish MA, Beall B, Dale JB. 2002. Immunogenicity of a 26-valent group A streptococcal vaccine. Infect Immun . 70:2171-7.
Haukness HA, Tanz RR, Thomson RB Jr, Pierry DK, Kaplan EL, Beall B, Johnson D, Hoe NP, Musser JM, Shulman ST. 2002. The heterogeneity of endemic community pediatric group a streptococcal pharyngeal isolates and their relationship to invasive isolates . J Infect Dis. 185:915-20.
Hu,MC, Walls, MA, Stroop,S, Reddish, M, Beall, B, and Dale, JB. 2002. Immunogenicity of a 26-valent group A streptococcal vaccine . Infect Immun. 70:2171-7.
Haukness, HA, Tanz, RR, Thomson, RB, Pierry, DK, Kaplan, EL, Beall, B, Johnson, D, Hoe, NP, Musser, JM, and Shulman, ST. 2002. The heterogeneity of endemic community pediatric group A streptococcal pharyngeal isolates and their relationship to invasive isolates . J Infect Dis. 185:915-20.
O ' Brien KL, Beall B, Barrett NL, Cieslak PR, Reingold A, Farley MM, Danila R, Zell ER, Facklam R, Schwartz B, Schuchat A. 2002. Epidemiology of invasive group A streptococcus disease in the United States, 1995-1999 . Clin Infect Dis. 35:268-76.
Chuang I, Van Beneden C, Beall B, Schuchat A. 2002. Population-based surveillance for postpartum invasive group A streptococcus infections, 1995-2000 . Clin Infect Dis. 35:665-70.
Detcheva A, Facklam RR, Beall B. 2002. Erythromycin-resistant group A streptococcal isolates recovered in Sofia, Bulgaria, from 1995 to 2001 . J Clin Microbiol. 2002 Oct;40(10):3831-4.
Dicuonzo G, Fiscarelli E, Gherardi G, Lorino G, Battistoni F, Landi S, De Cesaris M, Petitti T, Beall B. 2002. Erythromycin-resistant pharyngeal isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes recovered in Italy . Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 46:3987-90.
Espinosa LE, Li Z, Gomez Barreto D, Calderon Jaimes E, Rodriguez RS, Sakota V, Facklam RR, Beall B. 2003. M protein gene type distribution among group A streptococcal clinical isolates recovered in Mexico City, Mexico, from 1991 to 2000, and Durango, Mexico, from 1998 to 1999: overlap with type distribution within the United States . J Clin Microbiol. 41:373-8.
Jeng A, Sakota V, Li Z, Datta V, Beall B, Nizet V. 2003. Molecular genetic analysis of a group A Streptococcus operon encoding serum opacity factor and a novel fibronectin-binding protein, SfbX . J Bacteriol. 2003 Feb;185(4):1208-17.
Ho PL, Johnson DR, Yue AW, Tsang DN, Que TL, Beall B, Kaplan EL. 2003. Epidemiologic analysis of invasive and noninvasive group a streptococcal isolates in Hong Kong . J Clin Microbiol. 41:937-42.
Bruner M, James A, Beall B, Carlone GM, Ades E, Johnson S, Guarner J, Sampson J. 2003. Evaluation of synthetic, M type-specific peptides as antigens in a multivalent group A streptococcal vaccine . Vaccine. 21:2698-703.
Li Z, Sakota V, Jackson D, Franklin AR, Beall B; Active Bacterial Core Surveillance/Emerging Infections Program Network. 2003. Array of M protein gene subtypes in 1064 recent invasive group A streptococcus isolates recovered from the active bacterial core surveillance . J Infect Dis. 188:1587-92.
CDC. MMWR. Invasive Streptococcus pyogenes After Allograft Implantation . Colorado, 2003 full text
Green M, Martin JM, Barbadora KA, Beall B, Wald ER. 2004. Reemergence of macrolide resistance in pharyngeal isolates of group A streptococci in southwestern Pennsylvania . Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 48:473-6.
McGregor KF, Bilek N, Bennett A, Kalia A, Beall B, Carapetis JR, Currie BJ, Sriprakash KS, Spratt BG, Bessen DE. 2004. Group A streptococci from a remote community have novel multilocus genotypes but share emm types and housekeeping alleles with isolates from worldwide sources . J Infect Dis. 189:717-23.
McGregor KF, Spratt BG, Kalia A, Bennett A, Bilek N, Beall B, Bessen DE. 2004. Multilocus sequence typing of Streptococcus pyogenes representing most known emm types and distinctions among sub-population genetic structures . J Bacteriol. 186:4285-94.
Shulman ST, Tanz RR, Kabat W, Kabat K, Cederlund E, Patel D, Li Z, Sakota V, Dale JB, Beall B; US Streptococcal Pharyngitis Surveillance Group. 2004. Group A streptococcal pharyngitis serotype surveillance in North America, 2000-2002 . Clin Infect Dis. 39:325-32.
Tanz RR, Shulman ST, Shortridge VD, Kabat W, Kabat K, Cederlund E, Rippe J, Beyer J, Doktor S, Beall BW; North American Streptococcal Pharyngitis Surveillance Group. 2004. Community-based surveillance in the united states of macrolide-resistant pediatric pharyngeal group A streptococci during 3 respiratory disease seasons . Clin Infect Dis. 39:1794-801.
Greene CM, Van Beneden CA, Javadi M, Skoff TH, Beall B, Facklam R, Abercrombie DR, Kramer SL, Arnold KE. 2005. Cluster of deaths from group A streptococcus in a long-term care facility--Georgia, 2001 . Am J Infect Control. 33:108-13.
Lopardo HA, Vidal P, Sparo M, Jeric P, Centron D, Facklam RR, Paganini H, Pagniez NG, Lovgren M, Beall B. 2005. Six-month multicenter study on invasive infections due to Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis in Argentina . J Clin Microbiol. 43:802-7.
Dale JB, Penfound T, Chiang EY, Long V, Shulman ST, Beall B. 2005. Multivalent group A streptococcal vaccine elicits bactericidal antibodies against variant M subtypes . Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 12:833-6.
Johnson DR, Kaplan EL, VanGheem A, Facklam RR, Beall B. 2006. Characterization of group A streptococci (Streptococcus pyogenes): correlation of M-protein and emm-gene type with T-protein agglutination pattern and serum opacity factor . J Med Microbiol. 55:157-64.
Jaggi P, Tanz RR, Beall B, Shulman ST. 2005. Age influences the emm type distribution of pediatric group A streptococcal pharyngeal isolates . Pediatr Infect Dis J. 24:1089-92.
Shulman ST, Stollerman G, Beall B, Dale JB, Tanz RR. 2006. Temporal changes in streptococcal M protein types and the near-disappearance of acute rheumatic fever in the United States . Clin Infect Dis. 42:441-7.
Green MD, Beall B, Marcon MJ, Allen CH, Bradley JS, Dashefsky B, Gilsdorf JR, Schutze GE, Smith C, Walter EB, Martin JM, Edwards KM, Barbadora KA, Wald ER. 2006. Multicentre surveillance of the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of macrolide resistance among pharyngeal isolates of group A streptococci in the USA . J Antimicrob Chemother. 57:1240-3.
Persson J, Beall B, Linse S, Lindahl G. 2006. Extreme sequence divergence but conserved ligand-binding specificity in Streptococcus pyogenes M protein . PLoS Pathog. 2:e47.
Sakota V, Fry AM, Lietman TM, Facklam RR, Li Z, Beall B. 2006. Genetically diverse group A streptococci from children in far-western Nepal share high genetic relatedness with isolates from other countries . J Clin Microbiol. 44:2160-6.
Timmer AM, Kristian SA, Datta V, Jeng A, Gillen CM, Walker MJ, Beall B, Nizet V 2006. Serum opacity factor promotes group A streptococcal epithelial cell invasion and virulence. Mol Microbiol. 62:15-25.
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Streptococcus pneumoniae
• Hawkins PA, Chochua S, Jackson D, Beall B, McGee L. Mobile Elements and Chromosomal Changes Associated with MLS Resistance Phenotypes of Invasive Pneumococci Recovered in the United States. Microb Drug Resist. 2014 Aug 12. [Epub ahead of print]
Andrade AL, Ternes YM, Vieira MA, Moreira WG, Lamaro-Cardoso J, Kipnis A, Cardoso MR, Brandileone MC, Moura I, Pimenta FC, da Gloria Carvalho M, Saraiva FO, Toscano CM, Minamisava R. Direct effect of 10-valent conjugate pneumococcal vaccination on pneumococcal carriage in children Brazil. PLoS One. 2014 Jun 3;9(6):e98128.
Croucher NJ, Chewapreecha C, Hanage WP, Harris SR, McGee L, van der Linden M, Song JH, Ko KS, de Lencastre H, Turner C, Yang F, Sá-Leão R, Beall B, Klugman KP, Parkhill J, Turner P, Bentley SD. Evidence for soft selective sweeps in the evolution of pneumococcal multidrug resistance and vaccine escape. Genome Biol Evol. 2014 Jun 10;6(7):1589-602.
Croucher NJ, Hanage WP, Harris SR, McGee L, van der Linden M, de Lencastre H, Sá-Leão R, Song JH, Ko KS, Beall B, Klugman KP, Parkhill J, Tomasz A, Kristinsson KG, Bentley SD. Variable recombination dynamics during the emergence, transmission and 'disarming' of a multidrug-resistant pneumococcal clone. BMC Biol. 2014 Jun 23;12:49.
Park IH, Geno KA, Sherwood LK, Nahm MH, Beall B. Population-based analysis of invasive nontypeable pneumococci reveals that most have defective capsule synthesis genes. PLoS One. 2014 May 15;9(5):e97825.
Dong W, Chochua S, McGee L, Jackson D, Klugman KP, Vidal JE. Mutations within the rplD Gene of Linezolid-Nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae Strains Isolated in the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58(4):2459-62
Wortham JM, Zell ER, Pondo T, Harrison LH, Schaffner W, Lynfield R, Thomas A, Reingold A, Bennett NM, Petit S, Aragon D, Bareta J, Juni BA, Farley MM, Beall B, Moore MR . Racial disparities in invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae infections, 1998-2009. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 May;58(9):1250-7.
Mosser JF, Grant LR, Millar EV, Weatherholtz RC, Jackson DM, Beall B, Craig MJ, Reid R, Santosham M, O'Brien KL. Nasopharyngeal carriage and transmission of Streptococcus pneumoniae in American Indian households after a decade of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine use. PLoS One. 2014 Jan 17;9(1):e79578Erratum in: PLoS One. 2014;9(3):e93878
Satzke C, Turner P, Virolainen-Julkunen A, Adrian PV, Antonio M, Hare KM, Henao-Restrepo AM, Leach AJ, Klugman KP, Porter BD, Sá-Leão R, Scott JA, Nohynek H, O'Brien KL; WHO Pneumococcal Carriage Working Group. Standard method for detecting upper respiratory carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae: updated recommendations from the World Health Organization Pneumococcal Carriage Working Group. Vaccine. 2013 Dec 17;32(1):165-79.
Carvalho Mda G, Pimenta FC, Moura I, Roundtree A, Gertz RE Jr, Li Z, Jagero G, Bigogo G, Junghae M, Conklin L, Feikin DR, Breiman RF, Whitney CG, Beall BW. Non-pneumococcal mitis-group streptococci confound detection of pneumococcal capsular serotype-specific loci in upper respiratory tract. PeerJ. 2013 Jun 25;1:e97.
Payne AB, Link-Gelles R, Azonobi I, Hooper WC, Beall BW, Jorgensen JH, Juni B, Moore M; Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Team. Invasive pneumococcal disease among children with and without sickle cell disease in the United States, 1998 to 2009. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013 Dec;32(12):1308-12.
Klugman KP, Bentley SD, McGee L. Determinants of invasiveness beneath the capsule of the pneumococcus. J Infect Dis. 2014 Feb 1;209(3):321-2.
Menezes AP, Reis JN, Ternes YM, Andrade AL, Pimenta FC, Carvalho Mda G, Beall B. Update of pneumococcal PCR serotyping assay for detection of a commonly occurring type 19F wzy variant in Brazil. J Clin Microbiol. 2013 Jul;51(7):2470-1.
Dallas SD, McGee L, Limbago B, Patel JB, McElmeel ML, Fulcher LC, Lonsway DR, Jorgensen JH. Development of doxycycline MIC and disk diffusion interpretive breakpoints and revision of tetracycline breakpoints for Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Clin Microbiol. 2013 Jun;51(6):1798-802.
Fleming-Dutra KE, Taylor T, Link-Gelles R, Garg S, Jhung MA, Finelli L, Jain S, Shay D, Chaves SS, Baumbach J, Hancock EB, Beall B, Bennett N, Zansky S, Petit S, Yousey-Hindes K, Farley MM, Gershman K, Harrison LH, Ryan P, Lexau C, Lynfield R, Reingold A, Schaffner W, Thomas A, Moore MR. Effect of the 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic on invasive pneumococcal pneumonia. J Infect Dis. 2013 Apr;207(7):1135-43.
Pimenta FC, Roundtree A, Soysal A, Bakir M, du Plessis M, Wolter N, von Gottberg A, McGee L, Carvalho Mda G, Beall B. Sequential triplex real-time PCR assay for detecting 21 pneumococcal capsular serotypes that account for a high global disease burden. J Clin Microbiol. 2013 Feb;51(2):647-52.
Wyres KL, Lambertsen LM, Croucher NJ, McGee L, von Gottberg A, Liñares J, Jacobs MR, Kristinsson KG, Beall BW, Klugman KP, Parkhill J, Hakenbeck R, Bentley SD, Brueggemann AB. Pneumococcal capsular switching: a historical perspective. J Infect Dis. 2013 Feb 1;207(3):439-49. Erratum in: J Infect Dis. 2013 Oct 1;208(7):1187.
Wyres KL, Lambertsen LM, Croucher NJ, McGee L, von Gottberg A, Liñares J, Jacobs MR, Kristinsson KG, Beall BW, Klugman KP, Parkhill J, Hakenbeck R, Bentley SD, Brueggemann AB. The multidrug-resistant PMEN1 pneumococcus is a paradigm for genetic success. Genome Biol. 2012 Nov 16;13(11):R103.
Muhammad RD, Oza-Frank R, Zell E, Link-Gelles R, Narayan KM, Schaffner W, Thomas A, Lexau C, Bennett NM, Farley MM, Harrison LH, Reingold A, Hadler J, Beall B, Klugman KP, Moore MR. Epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease among high-risk adults since the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for children. Clin Infect Dis. 2013 Mar;56(5):e59-67.
Fleming-Dutra K, Mbaeyi C, Link-Gelles R, Alexander N, Guh A, Forbes E, Beall B, Winchell JM, Carvalho Mda G, Pimenta F, Kodani M, Vanner C, Stevens H, Brady D, Caulcrick-Grimes M, Bandy U, Moore MR. Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 15A in psychiatric unit, Rhode Island, USA, 2010-2011. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012 Nov;18(11):1889-93.
Sharma D, Baughman W, Holst A, Thomas S, Jackson D, da Gloria Carvalho M, Beall B, Satola S, Jerris R, Jain S, Farley MM, Nuorti JP. Pneumococcal carriage and invasive disease in children before introduction of the 13-valent conjugate vaccine: comparison with the era before 7-valent conjugate vaccine. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013 Feb;32(2):e45-53.
Cohen AL, Taylor T Jr, Farley MM, Schaffner W, Lesher LJ, Gershman KA, Bennett NM, Reingold A, Thomas A, Baumbach J, Harrison LH, Petit S, Beall B, Zell E, Moore M. An assessment of the screening method to evaluate vaccine effectiveness: the case of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in the United States. PLoS One. 2012;7(8):e41785.
Carvalho Mda G, Bigogo GM, Junghae M, Pimenta FC, Moura I, Roundtree A, Li Z, Conklin L, Feikin DR, Breiman RF, Whitney CG, Beall B. Potential nonpneumococcal confounding of PCR-based determination of serotype in carriage. J Clin Microbiol. 2012 Sep;50(9):3146-7.
De Serres G, Pilishvili T, Link-Gelles R, Reingold A, Gershman K, Petit S, Farley MM, Harrison LH, Lynfield R, Bennett NM, Baumbach J, Thomas A, Schaffner W, Beall B, Whitney C, Moore M. Use of surveillance data to estimate the effectiveness of the 7-valent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine in children less than 5 years of age over a 9 year period. Vaccine. 2012 Jun 8;30(27):4067-72.
Moore MR, Gertz RE Jr, Woodbury RL, Barkocy-Gallagher GA, Schaffner W, Lexau C, Gershman K, Reingold A, Farley M, Harrison LH, Hadler JL, Bennett NM, Thomas AR, McGee L, Pilishvili T, Brueggemann AB, Whitney CG, Jorgensen JH, Beall B. Population Snapshot of Emergent Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype 19A in the United States, 2005. J. Inf. Dis. 2007. In Press.
Brueggemann AB, Pai R, Crook DW, Beall B. 2007. Vaccine escape recombinants emerge after pneumococcal vaccination in the United States. PLoS Pathogens 3(11): 1-8.
Shariff M, Thukral SS, Beall B . New multilocus sequence types of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from patients with respiratory infections in India. Indian J Med Res. 2007 Aug;126(2):161-4.Hicks LA, Harrison LH, Flannery B, Hadler JL, Schaffner W, Craig AS, Jackson D, Thomas A, Beall B, Lynfield R, Reingold A, Farley MM, Whitney CG; Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Program of the Emerging Infections Program Network . Incidence of Pneumococcal Disease Due to Non-Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV7) Serotypes in the United States during the Era of Widespread PCV7 Vaccination, 1998-2004. J Infect Dis. 2007 Nov 1;196(9):1346-54.Dias CA, Teixeira LM, Carvalho Mda G, Beall B . Sequential multiplex PCR for determining capsular serotypes of pneumococci recovered from Brazilian children. J Med Microbiol. 2007 Sep;56(Pt 9):1185-8.Morais L, Carvalho Mda G, Roca A, Flannery B, Mandomando I, Soriano-Gabarro M, Sigauque B, Alonso P, Beall B . Sequential multiplex PCR for identifying pneumococcal capsular serotypes from south-Saharan African clinical isolates. J Med Microbiol. 2007 Sep;56(Pt 9):1181-4.Beall B . Vaccination with the pneumococcal 7-valent conjugate: a successful experiment but the species is adapting. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2007 Jun;6(3):297-300.Whitney CG, Pilishvili T, Farley MM, Schaffner W, Craig AS, Lynfield R, Nyquist AC, Gershman KA, Vazquez M, Bennett NM, Reingold A, Thomas A, Glode MP, Zell ER, Jorgensen JH, Beall B, Schuchat A . Effectiveness of seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against invasive pneumococcal disease: a matched case-control study. Lancet. 2006 Oct 28;368(9546):1495-502.Buck JM, Lexau C, Shapiro M, Glennen A, Boxrud DJ, Koziol B, Whitney CG, Beall B, Danila R, Lynfield R . A community outbreak of conjunctivitis caused by nontypeable Streptococcus pneumoniae in Minnesota. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006 Oct;25(10):906-11.Teixeira LM, Carvalho MG, Castineiras TM, Fracalanzza SA, Levin AS, Facklam RR. 1997. Serotyping distribution and antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated in Brazil (1992-1996) . Adv Exp Med Biol. 418:269-71.
Beall B, Facklam RR, Jackson DM, Starling HH. 1998. Rapid screening for penicillin susceptibility of systemic pneumococcal isolates by restriction enzyme profiling of the pbp2B gene . J Clin Microbiol. 36:2359-62.
Gherardi G, Inostrozo JS, O'Ryan M, Prado V, Prieto S, Arellano C, Facklam RR, Beall B. 1999. Genotypic survey of recent beta-lactam-resistant pneumococcal nasopharyngeal isolates from asymptomatic children in Chile . J Clin Microbiol. 37:3725-30.
Gherardi G, Whitney CG, Facklam RR, Beall B. 2000. Major related sets of antibiotic-resistant Pneumococci in the United States as determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and pbp1a-pbp2b-pbp2x-dhf restriction profiles . J Infect Dis. 181:216-29.
Morita JY, Kahn E, Thompson T, Laclaire L, Beall B, Gherardi G, O'Brien KL, Schwartz B. 2000. Impact of azithromycin on oropharyngeal carriage of group A Streptococcus and nasopharyngeal carriage of macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae . Pediatr Infect Dis J. 19:41-6.
Beall B, Gherardi G, Facklam RR, Hollingshead SK. 2000. Pneumococcal pspA sequence types of prevalent multiresistant pneumococcal strains in the United States and of internationally disseminated clones . J Clin Microbiol. 38:3663-9.
Schrag SJ, Beall B, Dowell SF. 2000. Limiting the spread of resistant pneumococci: biological and epidemiologic evidence for the effectiveness of alternative interventions . Clin Microbiol Rev. 13:588-601. Review.
Ballon-Landa GR, Gherardi G, Beall B, Krosner S, Nizet V. 2001. Necrotizing fasciitis due to penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: case report and review of the literature. J . Infect. 42:272-7. Review.
Pantosti A, Gherardi G, Conte M, Faella F, Dicuonzo G, Beall B. 2002. A novel, multiple drug-resistant, serotype 24F strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae that caused meningitis in patients in Naples, Italy . Clin Infect Dis. 35:205-8.
Beall B, McEllistrem MC, Gertz RE Jr, Boxrud DJ, Besser JM, Harrison LH, Jorgensen JH, Whitney CG; Active Bacterial Core Surveillance/Emerging Infections Program Network. 2002. Emergence of a novel penicillin-nonsusceptible, invasive serotype 35B clone of Streptococcus pneumoniae within the United States . J Infect Dis. 186:118-22.
Reis JN, Cordeiro SM, Coppola SJ, Salgado K, Carvalho MG, Teixeira LM, Thompson TA, Facklam RR, Reis MG, Ko AI. 2002. Population-based survey of antimicrobial susceptibility and serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae from meningitis patients in Salvador, Brazil . J Clin Microbiol. 40:275-7.
Dicuonzo G, Gherardi G, Gertz RE, D'Ambrosio F, Goglio A, Lorino G, Recchia S, Pantosti A, Beall B. 2002. Genotypes of invasive pneumococcal isolates recently recovered from Italian patients . J Clin Microbiol. 40:3660-5.
Martin M, Turco JH, Zegans ME, Facklam RR, Sodha S, Elliott JA, Pryor JH, Beall B, Erdman DD, Baumgartner YY, Sanchez PA, Schwartzman JD, Montero J, Schuchat A, Whitney CG. 2003. An outbreak of conjunctivitis due to atypical Streptococcus pneumoniae . N Engl J Med. 348:1112-21.
Saitoh A, Beall B, Nizet V. 2003. Fulminant bacterial meningitis complicating sphenoid sinusitis . Pediatr Emerg Care. 19:415-7.
Carvalho MG, Steigerwalt AG, Thompson T, Jackson D, Facklam RR. 2003. Confirmation of nontypeable Streptococcus pneumoniae-like organisms isolated from outbreaks of epidemic conjunctivitis as Streptococcus pneumoniae . J Clin Microbiol. 41:4415-7.
Gertz RE Jr, McEllistrem MC, Boxrud DJ, Li Z, Sakota V, Thompson TA, Facklam RR, Besser JM, Harrison LH, Whitney CG, Beall B . 2003. Clonal distribution of invasive pneumococcal isolates from children and selected adults in the United States prior to 7-valent conjugate vaccine introduction. J Clin Microbiol. 41:4194-216.Whitney CG, Farley MM, Hadler J, Harrison LH, Bennett NM, Lynfield R, Reingold A, Cieslak PR, Pilishvili T, Jackson D, Facklam RR, Jorgensen JH, Schuchat A; Active Bacterial Core Surveillance of the Emerging Infections Program Network. 2003. Decline in invasive pneumococcal disease after the introduction of protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccine . N Engl J Med. 348:1737-46.
Schrag SJ, McGee L, Whitney CG, Beall B, Craig AS, Choate ME, Jorgensen JH, Facklam RR, Klugman KP; Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Team. 2004. Emergence of Streptococcus pneumoniae with very-high-level resistance to penicillin . Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 48:3016-23.
Pletz MW, McGee L, Jorgensen J, Beall B, Facklam RR, Whitney CG, Klugman KP. 2004. Levofloxacin-resistant invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States : evidence for clonal spread and the impact of conjugate pneumococcal vaccine . Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 48:3491-7.
Mendonca-Souza CR, Carvalho Mda G, Barros RR, Dias CA, Sampaio JL, Castro AC, Facklam RR, Teixeira LM. 2004. Occurrence and Characteristics of Erythromycin-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Strains Isolated in Three Major Brazilian States . Microb Drug Resist. 10:313-20.
Arbique JC, Poyart C, Trieu-Cuot P, Quesne G, Carvalho Mda G, Steigerwalt AG, Morey RE, Jackson D, Davidson RJ, Facklam RR. 2004. Accuracy of phenotypic and genotypic testing for identification of Streptococcus pneumoniae and description of Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae sp. nov . J Clin Microbiol. 42:4686-96.
Pletz MW, McGee L, Beall B, Whitney CG, Klugman KP. 2005. Interspecies recombination in type II topoisomerase genes is not a major cause of fluoroquinolone resistance in invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in the United States . Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 49:779-80.
Pai R, Gertz RE, Whitney CG, Beall B. 2005. Clonal association between Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 23A, circulating within the United States, and an internationally dispersed clone of serotype 23F . J Clin Microbiol. 43:5440-4.
Pai R, Moore MR, Pilishvili T, Gertz RE, Whitney CG, Beall B; Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Team. 2005. Postvaccine Genetic Structure of Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype 19A from Children in the United States . J Infect Dis. 192:1988-95.
Pai R, Limor J, Beall B. 2005. Use of pyrosequencing to differentiate Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes 6A and 6B . J Clin Microbiol. 43:4820-2.
Medina MJ, Greene CM, Gertz RE, Facklam RR, Jagero G, Hamel M, Shi YP, Slutsker L, Feikin DR, Beall B. 2005. Novel antibiotic-resistant pneumococcal strains recovered from the upper respiratory tracts of HIV-infected adults and their children in Kisumu, Kenya . Microb Drug Resist. 11:9-17.
Pai R, Gertz RE, Beall B. 2006. Sequential multiplex PCR approach for determining capsular serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates . J Clin Microbiol. 44:124-31.
Beall B, McEllistrem MC, Gertz RE Jr, Wedel S, Boxrud DJ, Gonzalez AL, Medina MJ, Pai R, Thompson TA, Harrison LH, McGee L, Whitney CG. 2006. Pre and Post Vaccine (1999, 2001, 2002) Clonal Compositions of Invasive Pneumococcal Serotypes in the United States . J Clin Microbiol. 44:999-1017.
Pletz MW, Shergill AP, McGee L, Beall B, Whitney CG, Klugman KP; Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Team. 2006. Prevalence of first-step mutants among levofloxacin-susceptible invasive isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States . Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 50:1561-3.
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Enterococci
Carvalho Mda G, Shewmaker PL, Steigerwalt AG, Morey RE, Sampson AJ, Joyce K, Barrett TJ, Teixeira LM, Facklam RR . Enterococcus caccae sp. nov., isolated from human stools.Stern CS, Carvalho Mda G, Teixeira LM. 1994. Characterization of enterococci isolated from human and nonhuman sources in Brazil . Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 20:61-7.
Carvalho MG, Vianni MC, Elliott JA, Reeves M, Facklam RR, Teixeira LM. 1997. Molecular analysis of Lactococcus garvieae and Enterococcus gallinarum isolated from water buffalos with subclinical mastitis . Adv Exp Med Biol. 418:401-4.
Teixeira LM, Carvalho MG, Merquior VL, Steigerwalt AG, Teixeira MG, Brenner DJ, Facklam RR. 1997. Recent approaches on the taxonomy of the enterococci and some related microorganisms . Adv Exp Med Biol. 418:397-400.
Carvalho MG, Teixeira LM, Facklam RR. 1998. Use of tests for acidification of methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside and susceptibility to efrotomycin for differentiation of strains of Enterococcus and some related genera . J Clin Microbiol. 36:1584-7.
Teixeira LM, Carvalho MG, Espinola MM, Steigerwalt AG, Douglas MP, Brenner DJ, Facklam RR . 2001. Enterococcus porcinus sp. nov. and Enterococcus ratti sp. nov., associated with enteric disorders in animals. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 51:1737-43.Tyrrell GJ, Turnbull L, Teixeira LM, Lefebvre J, Carvalho Mda G, Facklam RR, Lovgren M. 2002. Enterococcus gilvus sp. nov. and Enterococcus pallens sp. nov. isolated from human clinical specimens . J Clin Microbiol. 40:1140-5.
Mondino SS, Castro AC, Mondino PJ, Carvalho Mda G, Silva KM, Teixeira LM. 2003. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of clinical and intestinal enterococci isolated from inpatients and outpatients in two Brazilian hospitals . Microb Drug Resist. 9:167-74.
Carvalho Mda G, Steigerwalt AG, Morey RE, Shewmaker PL, Teixeira LM, Facklam RR. 2004. Characterization of three new enterococcal species, Enterococcus sp. nov. CDC PNS-E1, Enterococcus sp. nov. CDC PNS-E2, and Enterococcus sp. nov. CDC PNS-E3, isolated from human clinical specimens . J Clin Microbiol. 2004 Mar;42(3):1192-8.
Top of Page Group B streptococci
Srinivasan V, Metcalf BJ, Knipe KM, Ouattara M, McGee L, Shewmaker PL, Glennen A, Nichols M, Harris C, Brimmage M, Ostrowsky B, Park CJ, Schrag SJ, Frace MA, Sammons SA, Beall B. vanG element insertions within a conserved chromosomal site conferring vancomycin resistance to Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus anginosus. MBio. 2014 Jul 22;5(4):e01386-14.
Verani JR, Spina NL, Lynfield R, Schaffner W, Harrison LH, Holst A, Thomas S, Garcia JM, Scherzinger K, Aragon D, Petit S, Thompson J, Pasutti L, Carey R, McGee L, Weston E, Schrag SJ. Early-onset group B streptococcal disease in the United States: potential for further reduction. Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Apr;123(4):828-37.
Diaz MH, Waller JL, Napoliello RA, Islam MS, Wolff BJ, Burken DJ, Holden RL, Srinivasan V, Arvay M, McGee L, Oberste MS, Whitney CG, Schrag SJ, Winchell JM, Saha SK. Optimization of Multiple Pathogen Detection Using the TaqMan Array Card: Application for a Population-Based Study of Neonatal Infection. PLoS One. 2013 Jun 21;8(6):e66183.
Doran KS, Benoit VM, Gertz RE, Beall B, Nizet V. 2002. Late-onset group B streptococcal infection in identical twins: insight to disease pathogenesis . J Perinatol. 22:326-30.
Slotved HC, Elliott J, Thompson T, Konradsen HB. 2003. Latex assay for serotyping of group B Streptococcus isolates . J Clin Microbiol. 41:4445-7.
Elliott JA, Thompson TA, Facklam RR, Slotved HC. 2004. Increased sensitivity of a latex agglutination method for serotyping group B streptococcus . J Clin Microbiol. 42:3907.
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Streptococcus dysgalactiaequisimilis
Humar D, Datta V, Bast DJ, Beall B, De Azavedo JC, Nizet V. 2002. Streptolysin S and necrotizing infections produced by group G Streptococcus . The Lancet. 359:124-129.
Igwe EI, Shewmaker PL, Facklam RR, Farley MM, van Beneden C, Beall B. 2003. Identification of superantigen genes speM, ssa, and smeZ in invasive strains of beta-hemolytic group C and G streptococci recovered from humans . FEMS Microbiol Lett. 229:259-64.
Cohen-Poradosu R, Jaffe J, Lavi D, Grisariu-Greenzaid S, Nir-Paz R, Valinsky L, Dan-Goor M, Block C, Beall B, Moses AE. 2004. Group G streptococcal bacteremia in Jerusalem . Emerg Infect Dis. 10:1455-60.
Top of Page Streptococcus porcinus Top of Page Vagococcus species
Teixeira LM, Carvalho MG, Merquior VL, Steigerwalt AG, Brenner DJ, Facklam RR. 1997. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Vagococcus fluvialis, including strains isolated from human sources . J Clin Microbiol. 35:2778-81.
Shewmaker PL, Steigerwalt AG, Morey RE, Carvalho Mda G, Elliott JA, Joyce K, Barrett TJ, Teixeira LM, Facklam RR. 2004. Vagococcus carniphilus sp. nov., isolated from ground beef. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol . 54:1505-10.
Top of Page Other streptococci and Gram positive, catalase negative species
Srinivasan V, Metcalf BJ, Knipe KM, Ouattara M, McGee L, Shewmaker PL, Glennen A, Nichols M, Harris C, Brimmage M, Ostrowsky B, Park CJ, Schrag SJ, Frace MA, Sammons SA, Beall B. vanG element insertions within a conserved chromosomal site conferring vancomycin resistance to Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus anginosus. MBio. 2014 Jul 22;5(4):e01386-14.Non-pneumococcal mitis-group streptococci confound detection of pneumococcal capsular serotype-specific loci in upper respiratory tract. PeerJ. 2013 Jun 25;1:e97.Evaluation of methods for identification and determination of the taxonomic status of strains belonging to the Streptococcus porcinus-Streptococcus pseudoporcinus complex isolated from animal, human, and dairy sources. J Clin Microbiol. 2012 Nov;50(11):3591-7.
Shewmaker PL, Camus AC, Bailiff T, Steigerwalt AG, Morey RE, Carvalho Mda G . Streptococcus ictaluri sp. nov., isolated from Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus broodstock. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2007 Jul;57(Pt 7):1603-6.Teixeira LM, Merquior VL, Vianni MC, Carvalho MG, Fracalanzza SE, Steigerwalt AG, Brenner DJ, Facklam RR. 1996. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of atypical Lactococcus garvieae strains isolated from water buffalos with subclinical mastitis and confirmation of L. garvieae as a senior subjective synonym of Enterococcus seriolicida . Int J Syst Bacteriol. 46:664-8.
Nicholson ML, Ferdinand L, Sampson JS, Benin A, Balter S, Pinto SW, Dowell SF, Facklam RR, Carlone GM, Beall B. 2000. Analysis of immunoreactivity to a Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus M-like protein to confirm an outbreak of post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, and sequences of M-like proteins from isolates obtained from different host species . J. Clin. Microbiol. 38:4126-4130.
Shewmaker PL, Steigerwalt AG, Shealey L, Weyant R, Facklam RR. 2001. DNA relatedness, phenotypic characteristics, and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Globicatella sanguinis strains . J Clin Microbiol. 39:4052-7.
Barros RR, Carvalho MG, Peralta JM, Facklam RR, Teixeira LM. 2001. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Pediococcus strains isolated from human clinical sources . J Clin Microbiol. 39:1241-6.
Facklam R, Lovgren M, Shewmaker PL, Tyrrell G. 2003. Phenotypic description and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Aerococcus sanguinicola isolates from human clinical samples . J Clin Microbiol. 41:2587-92.
Facklam R, Elliott J, Shewmaker L, Reingold A. 2005. Identification and characterization of sporadic isolates of Streptococcus iniae isolated from humans . J Clin Microbiol. 43:933-7.
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Page last updated: December 19, 2007
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