National Violent Death Reporting System

Suicide  Rates by Occupational Group – 17 States, 2012

Gang Homicides – Five U.S. Cities, 2003-2008

Homicides — United States, 1999–2007

Alcohol and Suicide Among Racial/Ethnic Populations – 17 States, 2005-2006

Toxicology Testing and Results for Suicide Victims – 13 States, 2004

Homicides and Suicides – National Violent Death Reporting System, United States, 2003-2004

Homicide and Suicide Rates – National Violent Death Reporting System, Six States, 2003

Azrael D, Barber C, Mercy J. Linking data to save lives: recent progress in establishing a National Violent Death Reporting System. Harvard Health Policy Review 2001;2(2).

Bennett MD, Hall J, Frazier L, Patel N, Barker L, Shaw K. Homicide of children aged 0–4 years, 2003–04: Results from the National Violent Death Reporting System. Inj Prev 2006;12(Suppl II):ii39–ii43.

Blair JM, Fowler KA, Jack SPD, Crosby AE. The National Violent Death Reporting System: overview and future directions. Inj Prev 2016;22:Suppl 1 i6-i11.

Bossarte RM, Simon TR, Barker L. Characteristics of homicide followed by suicide incidents in multiple states, 2003–04. Inj Prev 2006;12(Suppl II):ii33–ii38.

Breiding MJ, Wiersema B. Variability of undetermined manner of death classification in the US. Inj Prev 2006;12(Suppl II):ii49–ii54.

Butchart A. The National Violent Death Reporting System: a new gold standard for the surveillance of violence related deaths? Inj Prev 2006;12(Suppl II):ii63–ii64.

Fowler KA, Gladden RM, Vagi KJ, Barnes J, Frazier L. Increase in suicides associated with home eviction and foreclosure during the US housing crisis: findings from 16 National Violent Death Reporting System States, 2005–2010. Am J Public Health 2015;105(2):311–6. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301945.

Friday JC. Law enforcement and the National Violent Death Reporting System: a partnership in the making. Inj Prev 2006;12(Suppl II):ii55–ii57.

Karch DL, Barker L, Strine TW. Race/ethnicity, substance abuse, and mental illness among suicide victims in 13 US states: 2004 data from the National Violent Death Reporting System. Inj Prev 2006;12 Suppl 2:ii22–ii27.

Karch D, Logan J. Data consistency in multiple source document: findings from homicide incidents in the National Violent Death Reporting System, 2003–2004. Homicide Studies 2008;12(3):264–76.

Karch D, Nunn KC. Characteristics of elderly and other vulnerable adult victims of homicide by a caregiver: National Violent Death Reporting System—17 U.S. states, 2003–2007. J Interpers Violence 2011;26(1):137–57. doi: 10.1177/0886260510362890.

Karch D. Sex differences in suicide incident characteristics and circumstances among older adults: surveillance data from the National Violent Death Reporting System—17 U.S. states, 2007–2009. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2011;8(8):3479–95. doi: 10.3390/ijerph8083479.

Karch DL, Logan J, McDaniel DD, Floyd CF, Vagi KJ. Precipitating circumstances of suicide among youth aged 10–17 years by sex: data from the National Violent Death Reporting System, 16 states, 2005–2008. J Adolesc Health 2013;53(1 Suppl):S51–3. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.06.028.

Kegler SR. Applying the compound Poisson process model to the reporting of injury-related mortality rates. Epidemiol Perspect Innov 2007;4:1. doi:10.1186/1742-5573-4-1.

Klevens J, Leeb RT. Child maltreatment fatalities in children under 5: findings from the National Violence Death Reporting System. Child Abuse Negl 2010;34(4):262–6. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.07.005.

Logan J, Hill H, Lynber-Black M, Crosby A, Karch D, Barnes J, Lubell K. Characteristics of perpetrators in homicide-followed-by-suicide Incidents: national Violent Death Reporting System—17 U.S. states, 2003–2005. Am J Epi 2008;168(9):1056–64. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwn213.

Logan J, Karch D, Crosby A. Reducing “unknown” data in violent death surveillance: a study of death certificates, coroner/medical examiner and police reports from the National Violent Death Reporting System, 2003–2004. Homicide Studies 2009;13(4);385–97. doi: 10.1177/1088767909348323.

Logan J, Hall J, Karch D. Suicide categories by patterns of known risk factors: a latent class analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2011;68(9):935–41. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.85.

Logan J, Skopp NA, Karch D, Reger MA, Gahm GA. Characteristics of suicides among US army active duty personnel in 17 U.S. states from 2005 to 2007. Am J Public Health 2012;102(S1):S40–4. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300481.

Logan JE, Walsh S, Patel N, Hall JE. Homicide-followed-by-suicide incidents involving child victims. Am J Health Behav 2013;37(4):531–42. doi: 10.5993/AJHB.37.4.11.

Logan JE, Skopp NA, Reger MA, Gladden M, Smolenski DJ, Floyd CF, Gahm GA. Precipitating circumstances of suicide among active duty U.S. Army personnel versus U.S. civilians, 2005–2010. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2015;45(1):65–77. doi: 10.1111/sltb.12111.

Mercy JA, Barker L, Frazier L. The secrets of the National Violent Death Reporting System. Inj Prev 2006;12(Suppl2):ii1–ii2. doi:10.1136/ip.2006.012542.

Ortega, LA, Karch D. Precipitating circumstances of suicide among women of reproductive age in 16 U.S. States, 2003–2007. J Womens Health 2010;19(1):5–7. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2009.1788.

Paulozzi LJ, Mercy J, Frazier L, Annest JL. CDC’s National Violent Death Reporting System: background and methodology. Inj Prev 2004;10(1):47–52.

Smith S, Basile K, Karch D. Sexual homicide and sexual violence-associated homicide: findings from the National Violent Death Reporting System. Homicide Studies 2011;15(2):132–153. doi: 10.1177/1088767911406236.

Smith SG, Fowler KA, Niolon PH. Intimate partner homicide and corollary victims in 16 states: National Violent Death Reporting System, 2003–2009. Am J Public Health 2014;104(3):461–6. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301582.

Steenkamp M, Frazier L, Lipskiy N, DeBerry M, Thomas S, Barker L, Karch D. The National Violent Death Reporting System: an exciting new tool for public health surveillance. Inj Prev 2006;12(Suppl II):ii3–ii5.

Tian N, Cui W, Zack M, Kobau R, Fowler KA, Hesdorffer DC. Differential impact of contraceptive methods on seizures varies by antiepileptic drug category: Findings of the Epilepsy Birth Control Registry. Epilepsy Behav. 2016 Jul;60:112-7. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.04.020.

Bahraini NH, Gutierrez PM, Harwood JE, Huggins JA, Hedegaard H, Chase M, Brenner LA. The Colorado violent death reporting system: validity and utility of the veteran status variable. Public Health Rep 2012;127:304–9.

Barber C, Azrael D, Hemenway D, Olson L, Nie C, Schaechter J, Walsh S. Suicides and suicide attempts following homicide: victim–suspect relationship, weapon type, and presence of antidepressants. Homicide Studies 2008;12(3):285–97. doi: 10.1177/1088767908319597.

Barber C, Hemenway D. Too many or too few unintentional firearm deaths in official U.S. mortality data? Accid Anal Prev 2011;43(3):724–31. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2010.10.018.

Barber C, Azrael D, Hemenway D. A truly national National Violent Death Reporting System. Inj Prev 2013;19(4):225-6. doi: 10.1136/injuryprev-2013-040817.

Barber C, Azrael D, Cohen A, Miller M, Thymes D, Wang DE, Hemenway D. Homicides by Police: Comparing Counts From the National Violent Death Reporting System, Vital Statistics, and Supplementary Homicide Reports. Am J Public Health 2016;106(5):922–7. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303074

Basham C, Denneson LM, Millet L, Shen X, Duckart J, Dobscha SK. Characteristics and VA health care utilization of U.S. veterans who completed suicide in Oregon between 2000 and 2005. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2011;41(3):287–96. doi: 10.1111/j.1943-278X.2011.00028.x.

Betz ME, Krzyzaniak SM, Hedegaard H, Lowenstein SR. Completed suicides in Colorado: differences between Hispanics and non-Hispanic Whites. Suic Life Threat Behav 2011;41(4):445–52.

Betz ME, Valley MA, Lowenstein SR, Hedegaard H, Thomas D, Stallones L, Honigman B. Elevated suicide rates at high altitude: sociodemographic and health issues may be to blame. Suic Life Threat Behav 2011;41(5):562–73. doi: 10.1111/j.1943-278X.2011.00054.x.

Beyer KM, Layde PM, Hamberger LK, Laud PW. Characteristics of the residential neighborhood environment differentiate intimate partner femicide in urban versus rural settings. J Rural Health 2013;29(3):281–93. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-0361.2012.00448.x.

Bozzay ML, Liu RT, Kleiman EM. Gender and age differences in suicide mortality in the context of violent death: findings from a multi-state population-based surveillance system. Compr Psychiatry 2014;55(5):1077–84. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.03.017.

Butchart A. The National Violent Death Reporting System: a new gold standard for the surveillance of violence related deaths? Inj Prev 2006;12(Suppl II):ii63–ii64.

Caetano R, Kaplan MS, Huguet N, McFarland BH, Conner K, Giesbrecht N, Nolte KB. Acute alcohol intoxication and suicide among United States ethnic/racial groups: findings from the National Violent Death Reporting System. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2013;37(5):839-46. doi: 10.1111/acer.12038.

Caetano R, Kaplan MS, Huguet N, Conner K, McFarland BH, Giesbrecht N, Nolte KB. Precipitating circumstances of suicide and alcohol intoxication among U.S. ethnic groups. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015;39(8):1510–7. doi: 10.1111/acer.12788.

Campbell R, Weis MA, Millet L, Powell V, Hull-Jilly D, Hackman H. From surveillance to action: early gains from the National Violent Death Reporting System. Inj Prev 2006;12(Suppl 2):ii6–ii9.

Cerel J, Moore M, Brown MM, van de Venne J, Brown SL. Who leaves suicide notes? A six-year population-based study. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2015;45(3):326–34. doi: 10.1111/sltb.12131.

Clark DE, Qian J, Sihler KC, Hallagan LD, Betensky RA. The distribution of survival times after injury. World J Surg 2012;36(7):1562–70. doi: 10.1007/s00268-012-1549-5.

Conner KR, Huguet N, Caetano R, Giesbrecht N, McFarland BH, Nolte KB, Kaplan MS. Acute use of alcohol and methods of suicide in a US national sample. Am J Public Health 2014;104(1):171–8. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301352.

Dailey NJ, Norwood T, Moore ZS, Fleischauer AT, Proescholdbell S. Evaluation of the North Carolina Violent Death Reporting System, 2009. N C Med J 2012;73(4):257–62.

Davis, RL. Domestic violence-related deaths. J Aggress Confl Peace Res 2010;2(2):44–52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5042/jacpr.2010.0141.

Denneson LM, Basham C, Dickinson KC, Crutchfield MC, Millet L, Shen X, Dobscha SK. Suicide risk assessment and content of VA health care contacts before suicide completion by veterans in Oregon. Psychiatr Serv 2010;61:1192–7. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.61.12.1192.

Liu RT, Kraines MA, Puzia ME, Massing-Schaffer M, Kleiman EM. Sociodemographic predictors of suicide means in a population-based surveillance system: findings from the National Violent Death Reporting system. J Affect Disord 2013;151(2):449–54. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.06.023.

Genovesi AL, Donaldson A, Morrison BL, Olson LM. Different perspectives: a comparison of newspaper information to official document sources for violent deaths. Accid Anal Prev 2010;42(2):445–51.

Giesbrecht N, Huguet N, Ogden L, Kaplan MS, McFarland BH, Caetano R, Conner KR, Nolte KB. Acute alcohol use among suicide decedents in 14 US states: impacts of off-premise and on-premise alcohol outlet density. Addiction 2015;110(2):300–7. doi: 10.1111/add.12762.

Gold KJ, Singh V, Marcus SM, Palladino CL. Mental health, substance use and intimate partner problems among pregnant and postpartum suicide victims in the National Violent Death Reporting System. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2012;34(2):139–45. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2011.09.017.

Gold KJ, Sen A, Schwenk TL. Details on suicide among US physicians: data from the National Violent Death Reporting System. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2013;35(1):45–9. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2012.08.005.

Glysch RL, Hale LJ, Nie C, Hargarten SW, Katcher ML. Wisconsin’s violent death reporting system: monitoring and responding to Wisconsin’s violent deaths. WMJ 2005;104(1):17–9.

Hanzlick R. Medical examiners, coroners, and public health: a review and update. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2006;130(9):1274–82.

Hemenway D, Barber CW, Gallagher SS, Azrael DR. Creating a National Violent Death Reporting System: a successful beginning. Am J Prev Med 2009;37(1):68–71.

Hemenway D, Barber C, Miller M. Unintentional firearm deaths: a comparison of other-inflicted and self-inflicted shootings. Accid Anal Prev 2010;42(4):1184–8.doi:10.1016/j.aap.2010.01.008.

Hempstead K. Manner of death and circumstances in fatal poisonings: evidence from New Jersey. Inj Prev 2006;12(Suppl 2):ii44–ii48.

Hempstead KA, Phillips JA. Rising suicide among adults aged 40–64 years: the role of job and financial circumstances. Am J Prev Med 2015;48(5):491–500. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2014.11.006.

Hewes HA, Keenan HT, McDonnell WM, Dudley NC, Herman BE. Judicial outcomes of child abuse homicide. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2011;165(10):918–21. doi: 10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.151.

Huber RS, Coon H, Kim N, Renshaw PF, Kondo DG. Altitude is a risk factor for completed suicide in bipolar disorder. Med Hypotheses 2014;82(3):377–81. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.01.006.

Huguet N, Kaplan MS, McFarland BH. Rates and correlates of undetermined deaths among African Americans: results from the National Violent Death Reporting System. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2012;42(2):185–96. doi: 10.1111/j.1943-278X.2012.00081.x.

Huguet N, Kaplan MS, McFarland BH. The effects of misclassification biases on veteran suicide rate estimates. Am J Public Health 2014;104(1):151–5. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301450.

Huguet N, McFarland BH, Kaplan MS. A comparison of suicides and undetermined deaths by poisoning among women: an analysis of the National Violent Death Reporting System. Arch Suicide Res 2015;19(2):190–201. doi: 10.1080/13811118.2014.915275.

Huguet N, Lewis-Laietmark C. Rates of homicide-followed-by-suicide among White, African American, and Hispanic men. Public Health 2015;129(3):280–2. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2014.11.008.

Johnson RM, Barber C, Azrael D, Clark DE, Hemenway D. Who are the owners of firearms used in adolescent suicides? Suicide Life Threat Behav 2010;40(6):609–11. doi: 0.1521/suli.2010.40.6.609.

Kabore HJ, Brown S, Archer P. Suicide among persons 65 years and older: Oklahoma 2004. J Okla State Med Assoc 2008;101(11);267–270.

Kaplan MS, McFarland BH, Huguet N. Characteristics of adult male and female firearm suicide decedents: findings from the National Violent Death Reporting System. Inj Prev 2009;15(5):322–7. doi: 10.1136/ip.2008.021162.

Kaplan MS, McFarland BH, Huguet N. Firearm suicide among veterans in the general population: findings from the National Violent Death Reporting System. J Trauma 2009;67(3):503–7. doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e3181b36521.

Kaplan M S, Huguet N, McFarland BH, Mandle JA. Factors associated with suicide by firearm among U.S. older adult men. Psychol Men Masc 2011;13(1):65–74. doi: 10.1037/a0023173.

Kaplan MS, McFarland BH, Huguet N, Valenstein M. Suicide risk and precipitating circumstances among young, middle-aged, and older male veterans. Am J Public Health 2012;102(Suppl 1):S131–7. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300445.

Kaplan MS, McFarland BH, Huguet N, Conner K, Caetano R, Giesbrecht N, Nolte KB. Acute alcohol intoxication and suicide: a gender-stratified analysis of the National Violent Death Reporting System. Inj Prev 2013;19(1):38–43. doi: 10.1136/injuryprev-2012-040317.

Kaplan MS, Huguet N, McFarland BH, Caetano R, Conner KR, Giesbrecht N, Nolte KB. Use of alcohol before suicide in the United States. Ann Epidemiol 2014 Aug;24(8):588–92.e1–2. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.05.008.

Kaplan MS, Huguet N, Caetano R, Giesbrecht N, Kerr WC, McFarland BH. Economic contraction, alcohol intoxication and suicide: analysis of the National Violent Death Reporting System. Inj Prev 2015;21(1):35–41. doi: 10.1136/injuryprev-2014-041215.

Katz IR, McCarthy JF, Ignacio RV, Kemp J. Suicide among veterans in 16 states, 2005 to 2008: comparisons between utilizers and nonutilizers of Veterans Health Administration (VHA) services based on data from the National Death Index, the National Violent Death Reporting System, and VHA administrative records. Am J Public Health 2012;102(Suppl 1):S105–10. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300503.

Krzyzaniak SM, Betz ME, Lowenstein SR, Hedegaard H. Suicide epidemiology in Colorado: comparison of Hispanic and non-Hispanic populations. Ann Emerg Med 2010;56(3):S54–5.

Madkour AS, Martin SL, Halpern CT, Schoenbach VJ. Area disadvantage and intimate partner homicide: an ecological analysis of North Carolina counties, 2004–2006. Violence Vict 2010;25(3):363–77.

Manion T, Akinyemi A, Nooraddini I, Haile E. A comparison of suicide characteristics and precipitating circumstances by age group among Maryland residents: data from the Maryland Violent Death Reporting System, 2003–2009. Suicidology online 2012;3:131–7.

Martin SL, Macy RJ, Sullivan K, Magee ML. Pregnancy-associated violent deaths: the role of intimate partner violence. Trauma Violence Abuse 2007;8(2):135–48.

McNally MR, Patton CL, Fremouw WJ. Mining for murder-suicide: an approach to identifying cases of murder-suicide in the National Violent Death Reporting System restricted access database. J Forensic Sci 2015 Aug 10. doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.12887. [Epub ahead of print]

Niederkrotenthaler T, Logan JE, Karch DL, Crosby A. Characteristics of U.S. suicide decedents in 2005–2010 who had received mental health treatment. Psychiatr Serv 2014;65(3):387–90. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.201300124.

Palladino CL, Singh V, Campbell J, Flynn H, Gold KJ. Homicide and suicide during the perinatal period: findings from the National Violent Death Reporting System. Obstet Gynecol 2011;118(5):1056–63. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e31823294da.

Pamer C, Serpi T, Finkelstein J. Analysis of Maryland poisoning deaths using classification and regression tree (CART) analysis. AMIA Annu Symp Proc 2008;550–4.

Patton CL, McNally MR, Fremouw WJ. Military versus civilian murder-suicide. J Interpers Violence 2015 Jul 3. pii: 0886260515593299. [Epub ahead of print]

Perlow JH, Lesmes H. Homicide and suicide during the perinatal period: findings from the National Violent Death Reporting System. Obstet Gynecol 2012;119(6):1274–5. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182588728.

Powell V, Barber CW, Hedegaard H, Hempstead K, Hull-Jilly D, Shen X, Thorpe GE, Weis MA. Using NVDRS data for suicide prevention: promising practices in seven states. Inj Prev 2006;12(Suppl 2):ii28–ii32.

Riley CL, Sarani B, Sullivan JA, Upperman JS, Kane-Gill SL, Bailey H. Critical Violent Injury in the United States: A Review and Call to Action. Crit Care Med. 2015;43(11):2460–7. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000001255.

Rockett IR, Smith GS, Caine ED, Kapusta ND, Hanzlick RL, Larkin GL, Naylor CP, Nolte KB, Miller TR, Putnam SL, De Leo D, Kleinig J, Stack S, Todd KH, Fraser DW. Confronting death from drug self-intoxication (DDSI): prevention through a better definition. Am J Public Health 2014;104(12):e49–55. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302244.

Sanford C, Marshall SW, Martin SL, Coyne-Beasley T, Waller AE, Cook PJ, Norwood T, Demissie Z. Deaths from violence in North Carolina, 2004: how deaths differ in females and males. Injury Prevention 2006;12(Suppl 2):ii10–ii16.

Schiff LB, Holland KM, Stone DM, Logan J, Marshall KJ, Martell B, Bartholow B. Acute and chronic risk preceding suicidal crises among middle-aged men without known mental health and/or substance abuse problems. Crisis 2015;1–12. [Epub ahead of print]

Searles VB, Valley MA, Hedegaard H, Betz ME. Suicides in urban and rural counties in the United States, 2006–2008. Crisis 2014;35(1):18–26. doi: 10.1027/0227-5910/a000224.

Shields RT, Ward BW. Comparison of the National Violent Death Reporting System and Supplemental Homicide Report: potential benefits of integration. Justice Res Policy 2008;10(2):67–97. doi: 10.3818/JRP.10.2.2008.67.

Spriggs As, Martin SL, Halpern CT, Schoenbach VJ. Area disadvantage and intimate partner homicide: an ecological analysis of North Carolina counties. Violence Vict 2010;25(3):363–77.

Styka AN, White DS, Zumwalt RE, Lathrop SL. Trends in adult suicides in New Mexico: utilizing data from the New Mexico violent death reporting system. J Forensic Sci 2010;55(1):93–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2009.01254.x.

Walsh S, Dignan M, Caldwell G. The PAPM, diffusion theory, and violent death surveillance. Am J Health Behav 2007;31(5):451–61.

Wanta BT, Schlotthauer AE, Guse CE, Hargarten SW. The burden of suicide in Wisconsin’s older adult population. WMJ 2009;108(2):87–93.

Ward, BW, Shields RT, Cramer BR. Integrating medical examiner and police report data: can this improve our knowledge of the social circumstances surrounding suicide? Crisis 2011;32(3):160–8. doi: 10.1027/0227-5910/a000075.

Wasserman I, Stack S. Race, urban context, and Russian roulette: findings from the National Violent Death Reporting System, 2003–2006. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2011;41(1):33–40. doi: 10.1111/j.1943-278X.2010.00014.x.

Weis MA, Bradberry C, Carter LP, Ferguson J, Kozareva D. An exploration of human services system contacts prior to suicide in South Carolina: an expansion of the South Carolina Violent Death Reporting System. Inj Prev 2006;12(Suppl 2):ii17–ii21.

Weiss HB, Gutierrez MI, Harrison J, Matzopoulos R. The US National Violent Death Reporting System: domestic and international lessons for violence injury surveillance. Inj Prev 2006;12(Suppl 2):ii58–ii62.