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Tularemia

Contents of this page:

Illustrations

Deer ticks
Deer ticks
Ticks
Ticks
Tick imbedded in the skin
Tick imbedded in the skin
Antibodies
Antibodies

Alternative Names    Return to top

Deerfly fever; Rabbit fever; Pahvant Valley plague; Ohara disease; Yatobyo (Japan); Lemming fever

Definition    Return to top

Tularemia is an infection common in wild rodents. It is transmitted to humans by contact with infected animal tissues or by ticks, biting flies, and mosquitoes.

Causes    Return to top

Tularemia is caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis.

Humans can get the disease through:

Areas where the disorder most commonly occurs include North America and parts of Europe and Asia. The illness may continue for several weeks after symptoms begin.

Some people may develop pneumonia after being infected. Risk factors include recent exposure to rabbits or a recent tick bite. The disease is very rare in the United States.

Francisella tularensis is considered a potential bioterrorism agent. An aerosol release would be a possible method of infection. Pneumonia cases would start 1 - 10 days after people were exposed.

Symptoms    Return to top

Exams and Tests    Return to top

This disease may also affect the results of febrile/cold agglutinins.

Treatment    Return to top

The goal of treatment is to cure the infection with antibiotics. Streptomycin and tetracycline are commonly used to treat this infection. Once daily gentamycin treatment has been tried with excellent results as an alternative therapy to streptomycin. However, only a few cases have been studied to date.

Tetracycline and Chloramphenicol can be used alone, but they are not considered a first-line treatment.

Note: oral tetracycline is usually not prescribed for children until after all their permanent teeth have come in. It can permanently discolor teeth that are still forming.

Outlook (Prognosis)    Return to top

Tularemia is fatal in about 5% of untreated cases, and in less than 1% of treated cases.

Possible Complications    Return to top

When to Contact a Medical Professional    Return to top

Call your health care provider if symptoms develop after a rodent bite, tick bite, or exposure to the flesh of a wild animal.

Prevention    Return to top

A vaccine is recommended for people at high risk (trappers, hunters, and laboratory workers who work with the bacteria).

References    Return to top

Schaffner W. Tularemia and other Francisella infections. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier;2007:chap 332.

Cronquist SD. Tularemia: the disease and the weapon. Dermatol Clin. 2004; 22(3): 313-20, vi-vii.

Update Date: 3/17/2009

Updated by: David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine; and Jatin M. Vyas, MD, PhD, Assistant Proessor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Assistant in Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

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