Siphoviridae
| Siphoviridae | |
|---|---|
 | |
| TME picture of an Escherichia virus HK97 virion, Siphoviridae | |
Virus classification  | |
| (unranked): | Virus |
| Realm: | Duplodnaviria |
| Kingdom: | Heunggongvirae |
| Phylum: | Uroviricota |
| Class: | Caudoviricetes |
| Order: | Caudovirales |
| Family: | Siphoviridae |
| Genera | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
| |
Siphoviridae is a family of double-stranded DNA viruses in the order Caudovirales. Bacteria and archaea serve as natural hosts. There are 1,166 species in this family, assigned to 366 genera and 22 subfamilies.[2][3] The characteristic structural features of this family are a nonenveloped head and noncontractile tail.
Structure
Typical structure of a siphovirus
Viruses in Siphoviridae are non-enveloped, with icosahedral and head-tail geometries[2] (morphotype B1) or a prolate capsid (morphotype B2), and T=7 symmetry. The diameter is around 60 nm.[2] Members of this family are also characterized by their filamentous, cross-banded, noncontractile tails, usually with short terminal and subterminal fibers. Genomes are double stranded and linear, around 50 kb in length,[2] containing about 70 genes. The guanine/cytosine content is usually around 52%.
Life cycle
Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by adsorption into the host cell. Replication follows the replicative transposition model. DNA-templated transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by -1 ribosomal frameshifting, and +1 ribosomal frameshifting. The virus exits the host cell by lysis, and holin/endolysin/spanin proteins.[2] Bacteria and archaea serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are passive diffusion.[2]
Taxonomy
Electron micrographs of siphovirus from Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes). Phages were negatively stained and subjected to transmission electron microscopy. The phages have a head of approximately 55 nm in diameter, loaded with genetic material. Their tails have a size of 150 × 10 nm and are flexible and non-contractile. In the lower micrograph, PAD25 is adhering to bacterial cell debris, and two phages have lost their heads. All phages were classified as Siphoviruses based on their morphology.[4]
The following subfamilies are recognized:[3]
- Arquatrovirinae
- Arquatrovirus
- Camvirus
- Likavirus
- Azeredovirinae
- Dubowvirus
- Phietavirus
- Bclasvirinae
- Acadianvirus
- Coopervirus
- Pregunavirus
- Pipefishvirus
- Rosebushvirus
- Bronfenbrennervirinae
- Biseptimavirus
- Peevelvirus
- Chebruvirinae
- Brujitavirus
- Dclasvirinae
- Hawkeyvirus
- Plotvirus
- Deejayvirinae
- Kenoshvirus
- Secretariavirus
- Tanisvirus
- Dolichocephalovirinae
- Berteleyvirus
- Colossusvirus
- Poidextervirus
- Spirovirus
- Gochnauervirinae
- Dragolirvirus
- Harrisonvirus
- Vegavirus
- Wandersvirus
- Guernseyvirinae
- Cornelivirus
- Jerseyvirus
- Kagunavirus
- Gutmannvirinae
- Carmenvirus
- Pobcunavirus
- Hendrixvirinae
- Brynievirus
- Cauhtlivirus
- Kwaitsingvirus
- Nochtlivirus
- Sainkungvirus
- Shamshuipovirus
- Wainchavirus
- Wongtaivirus
- Yautsimvirus
- Langleyhallvirinae
- Getalongvirus
- Horusvirus
- Phystavirus
- Mccleskeyvirinae
- Limdunavirus
- Unaquatrovirus
- Mclasvirinae
- Bongovirus
- Reyvirus
- Nclasvirinae
- Bettesrvirus
- Charlievirus
- Redivirus
- Nymbaxtervirinae
- Baxtervirus
- Nymphaduravirus
- Pclasvirinae
- Bignuzvirus
- Fisburnevirus
- Phayoncevirus
- Queuovirinae
- Amoyvirus
- Nipunavirus
- Nonagvirus
- Seuratvirus
- Skryabinvirinae
- Bambunaquatrovirus
- Puchinovirus
- Trabyvirinae
- Jelitavirus
- Slepowrronvirus
- Tybeckvirinae
- Douglasvirus
- Lenusvirus
- Lideunavirus
- Maenadvirus
The following genera are unassigned to a subfamily:[3]
- Abbeymikolonvirus
- Abidjanvirus
- Agmunavirus
- Aguilavirus
- Ahduovirus
- Alachuavirus
- Alegriavirus
- Amigovirus
- Anatolevirus
- Andrewvirus
- Andromedavirus
- Annadreamyvirus
- Appavirus
- Apricotvirus
- Arawnvirus
- Armstrongvirus
- Ashduovirus
- Attisvirus
- Attoomivirus
- Audreyjarvisvirus
- Austintatiousvirus
- Avanivirus
- Bantamvirus
- Barnyardvirus
- Beceayunavirus
- Beetrevirus
- Behunavirus
- Bernalvirus
- Betterkatzvirus
- Bievrevirus
- Bingvirus
- Bowservirus
- Bridgettevirus
- Britbratvirus
- Bronvirus
- Brussowvirus
- Camtrevirus
- Casadabanvirus
- Cbastvirus
- Cecivirus
- Ceduovirus
- Ceetrepovirus
- Cequinquevirus
- Chenonavirus
- Cheoctovirus
- Chertseyvirus
- Chivirus
- Chunghsingvirus
- Cimpunavirus
- Cinunavirus
- Coetzeevirus
- Colunavirus
- Coralvirus
- Corndogvirus
- Cornievirus
- Coventryvirus
- Cronusvirus
- Cukevirus
- Daredevilvirus
- Decurrovirus
- Delepquintavirus
- Demosthenesvirus
- Detrevirus
- Deurplevirus
- Dhillonvirus
- Dinavirus
- Dismasvirus
- Doucettevirus
- Edenvirus
- Efquatrovirus
- Eiauvirus
- Eisenstarkvirus
- Elerivirus
- Emalynvirus
- Eyrevirus
- Fairfaxidumvirus
- Farahnazvirus
- Fattrevirus
- Feofaniavirus
- Fernvirus
- Fibralongavirus
- Fowlmouthvirus
- Franklinbayvirus
- Fremauxvirus
- Fromanvirus
- Gaiavirus
- Galaxyvirus
- Galunavirus
- Gamtrevirus
- Gesputvirus
- Getseptimavirus
- Ghobesvirus
- Gilesvirus
- Gillianvirus
- Gilsonvirus
- Glaedevirus
- Godonkavirus
- Goodmanvirus
- Gordonvirus
- Gordtnkvirus
- Gorganvirus
- Gorjumvirus
- Gustavvirus
- Halcyonevirus
- Hattifnattvirus
- Hedwigvirus
- Helsingorvirus
- Hiyaavirus
- Hnatkovirus
- Holosalinivirus
- Homburgvirus
- Hubeivirus
- Iaduovirus
- Ikedavirus
- Ilzatvirus
- Incheonvrus
- Indlulamithivirus
- Inhavirus
- Jacevirus
- Jarrellvirus
- Jenstvirus
- Jouyvirus
- Juiceboxvirus
- Junavirus
- Kairosalinivirus
- Kamchatkavirus
- Karimacvirus
- Kelleziovirus
- Kilunavirus
- Klementvirus
- Knuthellervirus
- Kojivirus
- Konstantinevirus
- Korravirus
- Kostyavirus
- Krampusvirus
- Kryptosalinivirus
- Kuleanavirus
- Labanvirus
- Lacnuvirus
- Lacusarxvirus
- Lafunavirus
- Lambdavirus
- Lambovirus
- Lanavirus
- Larmunavirus
- Laroyevirus
- Latrobevirus
- Leicestervirus
- Lentavirus
- Liebevirus
- Liefievirus
- Lillamyvirus
- Lokivirus
- Lomovskayavirus
- Luckybarnesvirus
- Luckytenvirus
- Lughvirus
- Lwoffvirus
- Magadivirus
- Majavirus
- Manhattanvirus
- Mapvirus
- Mardecavirus
- Marienburgvirus
- Marvinvirus
- Maxrubnervirus
- Mementomorivirus
- Metamorphoovirus
- Minunavirus
- Moineauvirus
- Montyvirus
- Mudcatvirus
- Mufasoctovirus
- Muminvirus
- Murrayvirus
- Nanhaivirus
- Nazgulvirus
- Neferthenavirus
- Nesevirus
- Nevevirus
- Nickievirus
- Nonanavirus
- Nyceiraevirus
- Oengusvirus
- Omegavirus
- Oneupvirus
- Orchidvirus
- Oshimavirus
- Pahexavirus
- Pamexvirus
- Pankowvirus
- Papyrusvirus
- Patiencevirus
- Pepyhexavirus
- Phifelvirus
- Picardvirus
- Pikminvirus
- Pleeduovirus
- Pleetrevirus
- Poushouvirus
- Predatorvirus
- Priunavirus
- Psavirus
- Psimunavirus
- Pulverervirus
- Questintvirus
- Quhwahvirus
- Radostvirus
- Raleighvirus
- Ravarandavirus
- Ravinvirus
- Rerduovirus
- Rigallicvirus
- Rimavirus
- Rockefellervirus
- Rockvillevirus
- Rogerhendrixvirus
- Ronaldovirus
- Roufvirus
- Rowavirus
- Ruthyvirus
- Samistivirus
- Samunavirus
- Samwavirus
- Sandinevirus
- Sanovirus
- Sansavirus
- Saphexavirus
- Sashavirus
- Sasvirus
- Saundersvirus
- Sawaravirus
- Scapunavirus
- Schnabeltiervirus
- Schubertvirus
- Seongbukvirus
- Septimatrevirus
- Seussvirus
- Sextaecvirus
- Skunavirus
- Slashvirus
- Sleepyheadvirus
- Smoothievirus
- Sonalivirus
- Soupsvirus
- Sourvirus
- Sozzivirus
- Sparkyvirus
- Spbetavirus
- Spizizenvirus
- Squashvirus
- Squirtyvirus
- Stanholtvirus
- Steinhofvirus
- Sukhumvitvirus
- Tandoganvirus
- Tankvirus
- Tantvirus
- Terapinvirus
- Teubervirus
- Thetabobvirus
- Tigunavirus
- Timquatrovirus
- Tinduovirus
- Titanvirus
- Tortellinivirus
- Triavirus
- Trigintaduovirus
- Trinavirus
- Trinevirus
- Triplejayvirus
- Unahavirus
- Uwajimavirus
- Vashvirus
- Vedamuthuvirus
- Vendettavirus
- Vhulanivirus
- Vidquintavirus
- Vieuvirus
- Vividuovirus
- Vojvodinavirus
- Waukeshavirus
- Wbetavirus
- Weaselvirus
- Whackvirus
- Whiteheadvirus
- Wildcatvirus
- Wilnyevirus
- Wizardvirus
- Woesvirus
- Woodruffvirus
- Xiamenvirus
- Xipdecavirus
- Yangvirus
- Yonseivirus
- Yuavirus
- Yvonnevirus
- Zetavirus
References
- ↑ Safferman, R.S.; Cannon, R.E.; Desjardins, P.R.; Gromov, B.V.; Haselkorn, R.; Sherman, L.A.; Shilo, M. (1983). "Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses of Cyanobacteria". Intervirology. 19 (2): 61–66. doi:10.1159/000149339. PMID 6408019.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
- 1 2 3 "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
- ↑ Lood R, Mörgelin M, Holmberg A, Rasmussen M, Collin M (2008). "Inducible Siphoviruses in superficial and deep tissue isolates of Propionibacterium acnes". BMC Microbiol. 8: 139. doi:10.1186/1471-2180-8-139. PMC 2533672. PMID 18702830.
External links
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