2008 Irish pork crisis

County Carlow was the location of the source of the crisis
County Tyrone was reported as the origin of the oil used to create the crisis.

The Irish pork crisis of 2008 was a dioxin contamination incident in Ireland that led to an international recall of pork products from Ireland produced between September and early December of that year.[1] It was disclosed in early December 2008 that contaminated animal feed supplied by one Irish manufacturer to thirty-seven beef farms and nine pig farms across Republic of Ireland, and eight beef farms and one dairy farm in Northern Ireland, had caused the contamination of pork with between 80 and 200 times the EU's recommended limit for dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs i.e. 0.2 ng/g TEQ fat (0.2 ppb).[2] The Food Safety Authority of Ireland moved on 6 December to recall from the market all Irish pork products dating from 1 September 2008 to that date. The contaminated feed that was supplied to forty-five beef farms across the island was judged to have caused no significant public health risk, accordingly no recall of beef was ordered.[3] Also affected was a dairy farm in Northern Ireland; some milk supplies were withdrawn from circulation.

Within days thousands of jobs were either lost or under threat at pig processing plants across the country, as processors refused to resume slaughter of pigs until they received financial compensation. Pork supplies to a total of twenty-three countries was affected, thirteen within the European Union and the remainder outside in an area across at least three continents. Countries affected include: Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, Estonia, the UK, France, Portugal, Cyprus, Romania, Russia, the United States, Canada, Switzerland, China, South Korea, Japan and Republic of Singapore.

It is now suspected that the oil that contaminated the offending pig feed with dioxins came from County Tyrone.[4] Some reports suggest the recovery of the Irish pork market would take up to a decade.[5] The Irish government has been criticised over its handling of the incident.[6]

On 18 December 2008, it was disclosed that the beef samples from the affected farms had dioxin levels between 100 and 400 times the legal limit.[7] However the Irish authorities insisted that the threat to public health from Irish beef products, even though the dioxin levels were higher than in the affected pork, was insignificant.[7][8] On 25 January 2009, Chinese quarantine authorities seized over 23 tonnes of frozen and contaminated Irish pork which was imported by a company in the city of Suzhou in October 2008.[9] On 28 January 2009, Joint Oireachtas Committee on Agriculture was told by Indaver Ireland managing director John Ahern that Ireland could "sleepwalk" into another pork crisis if the Minister for the Environment, John Gormley, continued with his plans to commence widespread use of mechanical biological treatment.[10]

Pork

Background

An illustration of the measured dioxin levels in Irish pork and beef relative to the legal limit.

The smallest green circle represents the legal limit.

The other circles' areas are relative to the green circle and represent the lowest (80 times the legal limit) and highest (400 times the legal limit) levels of dioxin found in Irish pork and beef.

On the evening of 6 December, the Food Safety Authority of Ireland ordered the recall, withdrawal and destruction of all Irish pork products dating back to 1 September. It was announced that "dioxins & dioxin like PCBs", a group of highly toxic synthetic halogenated organic compounds, had been discovered in pork at levels between 80 and 200 times the EU's recommended safety limits.[11][12] This contamination, which was first realised on 1 December, came about as a result of contamination of pig feed. The positive results for dioxins and dioxin like PCBs were confirmed on the afternoon of 6 December and announced within hours. The Irish general public were advised to destroy all their purchased pork products as Ireland's Department of Agriculture and the Food Safety Authority had initiated an investigation.[13] Contaminated feed was used at as many as forty-six farms in the Republic of Ireland of which thirty-seven raised cattle for beef and nine produced pork.[14] Additionally, contaminated feed was used on eight cattle farms in Northern Ireland.[15] Beef products, from cattle who may have been fed contaminated feed, were judged to be safe and were not recalled from market.[15] One cattle farm in Northern Ireland used the feed for beef and dairy cattle, and milk from this farm was removed from the food supply.[4]

Following the discovery, the Taoiseach, Brian Cowen and the Irish Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Brendan Smith attended talks at their government's Department of Agriculture. Alongside them were the Minister for Health, Mary Harney and Minister of State for Food, Horticulture and Food Safety, Minister of State for Food and Horticulture, Trevor Sargent and Minister of State (with special responsibility for Health Promotion and Food Safety), Mary Wallace.[16] The opposition party Fine Gael's spokesperson for agriculture, Michael Creed described the discovery as "potentially the biggest threat to the agriculture food sector since the outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease".[17]

On the afternoon of 7 December, the FSAI claimed identification of the source as a contaminated ingredient which had been added to pork feed, and said it was now considered that the profile of dioxins located is similar to those found in electronic transformer oils.[18] On the evening of that same day, RTÉ, the state-run broadcaster, reported that the source of the crisis was a processing plant in County Carlow (see #Millstream Power Recycling Limited). A garda investigation was launched.[14] The Association of Pigmeat Processors refused to continue slaughtering pigs, insisting they needed a massive financial package (up to €1 billion) from the Irish government to assist them with the mass recall.[19] The European Union maintained that there would be no funding for the Irish pork industry in the wake of the crisis.[20] Fine Gael leader Enda Kenny criticised the Irish government, calling the crisis "an unmitigated disaster".[21]

Affected products

Most pork products are at risk of contamination; however, pork gelatine, products containing pork gelatine such as sweets, crisps and snack foods and sauces with pork or ham content are not.[22]

Health effects of dioxins and PCBs

General chemical structure of PCBs (top) and dioxins (bottom)
1 part per trillion is approximately equivalent to dispersing one-twentieth of a drop of water throughout this 50-metre Olympic sized swimming pool.

Dioxins[23] and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)[24] are two groups of predominately man-made toxic chemicals which, when consumed, affect both the immune and reproductive systems and are classified as probably carcinogenic by the World Health Organization and in the United States by the National Cancer Institute and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.[25] The toxicity of dioxins and dioxin like PCBs is mediated by their ability to bind strongly to the aryl hydrocarbon cell receptor that is present in most animals.[26]

Several epidemiological studies have observed a correlation between high levels of dioxins and PCBs in humans and a wide variety of adverse health effects e.g. chloracne, lowering of IQ, dysfunction of the thyroid gland and reduction of thyroid hormone levels, elevated rates of endometriosis in women, higher levels of diabetes in women, precocious puberty in females and subtle developmental delay in children, as evidenced by altered play activity.[27] Males appear to be more sensitive to poisoning by high levels of dioxins & dioxin-like PCBs and are more likely to develop severe symptoms e.g. young men poisoned by TCDD (the most toxic dioxin) are less likely to father boys.[28] See Geusau et al. (2001)[29] who describe the clinical manifestations of two extremely severe (and probably criminal) dioxin poisoning cases.

Much of the hazard posed by dioxins and PCBs comes from their environmental persistence and their lipophilic nature, resulting their propensity to accumulate in the food chain, particularity in the fat of animals. About 80% of human exposure to dioxins and PCBs comes from animal derived foods e.g. poultry, beef and dairy.[25] However, the health effects and risks of long-term, low-level exposure to the general public cannot be observed directly, and are highly controversial. It is not known if the dose response relationship at low-levels of exposure is sub-linear or linear, or has a threshold i.e. harmless at very low levels.[23] Risk assessments are further complicated by the observation that contamination typically involves a complex mixture of related chemicals, the toxicity of each varies and has to be factored according to its Toxic Equivalency Factor (TEF) (where TCDD = 1). The product of TEF is the Toxic Equivalent Quantity (TEQ), and it is this value that is used in risk assessments (an on-line Toxic Equivalency Quantity Calculator).

The European Union (EU) uses a linear dose response curve at low-levels of exposure, below the point where there are epidemiological data. In other words, the EU assumes there is no safe level of dioxins and PCBs.[25] Accordingly, the European Union sets extremely stringent limits for dioxin and dioxin like PCBs in food, set just above the usual background levels found in various food categories e.g. fish, poultry, beef, pork etc. The limit set for dioxins in pork fat and meat is 1 pg/g TEQ i.e. 1 parts per trillion (ppt) (see swimming pool illustration). The maximum dioxin contamination measured in Irish pork was 0.2 ng/g TEQ fat (200 ppt),[2] equivalent to dispersing 10 drops of TCDD throughout a 2.5 million litre Olympic sized swimming pool.

Millstream Power Recycling Limited

52°38′09″N 6°37′22″W / 52.6357°N 6.6228°W / 52.6357; -6.6228[30]
RTÉ News has named the company behind the contaminated animal feed as Millstream Power Recycling Limited, located just outside Fenagh, County Carlow in the south-east of the country. All production at the plant was stopped in the week before the announcement, when a link between it and the contaminated feed was first suspected. A representative of the firm, Edward Curtin, denied reports of a use of industrial oil in the contaminated pig feed, saying that, whilst oil is used to power the machinery used for processing, he is not certain that this is the source of the outbreak.[31] The oil, at the firm's insistence, was only ever purchased from "legitimate suppliers" within the Republic of Ireland.[32] The owner of Millstream Power Recycling Limited was named as Robert Hogg (43).[33]

The Irish pork industry

The pork industry is the fourth biggest in Ireland's agriculture sector, worth around €400 million per year to the Irish economy. The country's farms produce over 3 million pigs per annum, almost 50% of which are consumed within the Republic.[34] The remainder is exported, heavily to the neighbouring territories of Northern Ireland and Britain, but it also features in grocery stores and processed meats throughout two continents – Europe and Asia. In 2007, Ireland exported 113,000 tons of pig meat, nearly half of which went to the United Kingdom. Over 500,000 live pigs were also shipped to the UK for slaughter and processing in that country. Ireland's other major customers of its pork are Germany, the buyer of 9,000 tons in 2007; France, Italy and several countries within the boundaries of Eastern Europe, which together purchased over 20,000 tons, Russia, the buyer of 6,600 tons, and China, which came into the ownership of 1,100 tons.[35]

A lunchtime protest by dislocated workers was to take place on 11 December outside Leinster House (above).

Effects

Within two days of the first announcement 1,800 jobs had been lost in the Irish pig industry[36] with a further 6,000 jobs said to be at risk by Ireland's largest trade union SIPTU. Ireland's largest pig meat processor, Rosderra Irish Meats Group Ltd., turned away all of its 850 employees at four plants on 8 December, telling them to sign up for state unemployment benefits.[37] Workers in the pork industry who were laid off in the wake of the crisis, including those from affected plants in Edenderry, Waterford and Kilkenny, were carried out a lunchtime protest at Leinster House (government buildings in Dublin) on 11 December. SIPTU organised the demonstration citing "delays in resuming production" and the financial "dire straits" some workers were in as their reasons.[38] Processors halted the slaughtering of pigs until the Irish government promised them financial reparation.[39] c.100,000 pigs were slaughtered[40] and the estimated costs of the crisis was €100 million.[41]

Reactions

Local reactions

Within hours a number of local newspapers in Ireland including the Longford Leader[42] and the Leitrim Observer[43] had reproduced copies of the same Press Association article.

National reactions

The Food Safety Authority of Ireland moved immediately to reassure the general public of Ireland. Speaking on RTÉ Radio on the morning after the initial announcement, Deputy chief executive of the FSAI, Alan Reilly said it was "necessary as a precautionary measure" to remove all pork products from within the country. He said he "expected" pork products to be available again before the busy Christmas period got underway and is scheduled to meet government officials and retailers within hours.[44] Irish hotels and guesthouses were immediately notified of the unfolding situation and asked to dispose of all their pork products by the Irish Hotels Federation.[45] Some Tesco outlets initially only gave refunds for their own branded pork produce but have since begun issuing refunds to all affected Irish products.[46] Superquinn however gave full refunds.[47] A helpline set up by the Food Safety Authority of Ireland had received 3,000 calls within 72 hours of the outbreak.[48]

International reactions

The UK's Food Standards Agency has said it does not believe its country's consumers face "significant risk" but it was still awaiting confirmation from the Irish authorities that the affected products had not been exported to its neighbour.[49] Chief Scientist Andrew Wadge stated on his FSA blog that because dioxins remain in the body for approximately 30 years, exceeding regulatory limits for a few days has an "insignificant" effect on the individual consumer. The Tolerable Daily Intake standard sets a level that is without appreciable risk to health over a prolonged period.[50]

In Asia, South Korea has banned imports and advised retailers to stop selling Irish produce, Singapore was following suit, whilst China has "provisionally" stopped importation. Japan has also said it may recall Irish pork products.[51]

Press

Within twelve hours of the pork recall announcement, the international press was carrying the story and within thirty-six hours there were over 1,700 newspaper articles on the crisis globally.[52] Tabloid The Sun announced the story as "Toxic Irish pork is swept off shelves" whilst the Daily Mirror opted for "Poison pork panic: Irish pigs were fed on plastic bags". Daily Express ran the story under the banner headline "Shoppers told: Don't eat toxic Irish pork" and the Daily Mail went with the headline "British shoppers 'may not be able to tell whether they have Irish poison pork in their fridge'". The Times had the headline "Shops rush to take Irish pork off shelves", warning that EU labelling laws meant pork originating in Ireland could have been labelled as British. Le Monde had the top-five most e-mailed website headline "Dioxin alert in Irish pork" and The Straits Times website had the crisis as its second most popular story. El País reported its concern that contaminated meat might have arrived in Spain via France and Portugal. The New York Times, under the headline "Ireland investigating tainted pork" and The Washington Post, under the headline "Ireland recalls pork products after dioxin test", covered the story in their own short ways. AFP had the headline "Ireland scrambles to contain pork cancer scare" and the Xinhua News Agency was one of the earliest news agencies to follow the story with headlines including "Irish police to investigate pork contamination". CNN tagged the story as "another red flag being waved over dinner tables this week with warnings from the Irish government not to eat its pork products", comparing the crisis to bovine spongiform encephalopathy, bird flu and the 2008 Chinese milk scandal.[52]

An Irish supermarket six days following the outbreak of the crisis, only offering Danish pork for sale.

Return to shelves

Superquinn has said it would have Irish pork, traceable to one farm in County Kilkenny on shelves by 11 December, becoming the first Irish supermarket chain to do so.[53] However, as early as 7pm on 10 December Irish retailer Dunnes had approved Galtee ham back on shelves for sale.

Other affected foods

Beef

Twenty one cattle farms in the Republic were discovered to have used the contaminated pig feed, whilst eight cattle farms used it in Northern Ireland.[7][54] It was disclosed on 18 December 2008 that beef samples from the affected farms had dioxin levels between 100 and 400 times above the legal limit.[7] The Irish authorities went to great lengths to insist that the threat to public health from Irish beef products, despite the extremely high dioxin levels, was insignificant.[7] It was noted that the official announcement made no reference to the dioxin levels being 100 to 400 times the legal limit.[7] In a statement the FSAI recommended "that cattle which are locked down from these 21 farms should now be slaughtered and not allowed enter the food chain".[55] There was to be no public recall of Irish beef. The European Commission was being kept informed.[56]

However, 3,000 animals from these herds have been slaughtered and have already entered the food chain since September.[57] The UK's Food Standards Agency was conducting tests to assess the level of dioxins present in Northern Irish cattle herds.[58]

Milk

One farm in Northern Ireland has been identified as having fed contaminated animal feed to dairy cattle. Northern Ireland's Minister of Health, Social Services and Public Safety, Michael McGimpsey has announced restrictions on milk supplies in the province.[59]

European Food Safety Authority's statement

In its statement issued on 10 December 2008, The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) considered that the levels of dioxin & dioxin like PCBs in Irish pork, before the contaminated pork was withdrawn, posed no risk to health.[60] The EFSA calculated a number of different exposure scenarios, and they found that if a consumer ate Irish pork each day over the 90-day period, 10% of which was contaminated, the "increase in the body burden [would be] of no concern for this single event". In the "very extreme case" of eating large amounts of 100% contaminated Irish pork every day over the 90-day period in question, the EFSA considered that "this unlikely scenario would reduce protection, but not necessarily lead to adverse health effects".[61]

However the EFSA warns that its calculations are "Based on the very limited new data related to the current contamination incident of pork, which were made available to EFSA"[2] and concludes its statement with the "EFSA based this statement on a limited data set".[2] It also makes clear that its calculations assumed that exposure at these high levels only began in September 2008. If it would be found that the animal feed had been contaminated prior to September 2008 then it would be have to re-evaluate its findings.[2] The statement did not address the issue of contaminated beef.

Criminal investigation

A criminal investigation commenced in December 2008 and on 6 March 2010 it was reported in the Irish Times that a criminal prosecution would be taken in relation to the incident.[62]

Civil case

Millstream Recycling Ltd. has taken a civil case against Gerard Tierney of Blackrock, and against his company Newtown Lodge Ltd. Millstream claims its pig feed products were contaminated by "defective" oil supplied by Mr. Tierney and his company.[63]

Past contamination incidents

See also Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins

See also

  • 2013 horse meat scandal
  • List of food contamination incidents
  • Pork in Ireland

References

  1. ↑ "Ireland warns public not to eat Irish pork". AOL Australia. 7 December 2008. Archived from the original on 14 December 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2008.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Statement of EFSA on the risks for public health due to the presence of dioxins in pork from Ireland (Question No EFSA-Q-2008-777), Issued on 10 December 2008 The EFSA Journal (2008) 911, 1 of 15
  3. ↑ "Farmers urge consumers to continue buying beef – The Irish Times – Tue, Dec 09, 2008". Irishtimes.com. 12 December 2008. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
  4. 1 2 McKee, Linda (10 December 2008). "Tyrone link to pork crisis". Belfasttelegraph.co.uk. The Belfast Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 December 2008. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
  5. ↑ "Drive starts to win back markets for Irish pork". The Irish Times. 12 December 2008. Archived from the original on 21 May 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
  6. ↑ "Frontline listeners put the pork crisis in perspective". Evening Herald. 12 December 2008. Archived from the original on 11 January 2009. Retrieved 15 December 2008.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Irish find high dioxin levels in beef, but no risk". Associated Press/Google. Retrieved 19 December 2008.
  8. ↑ "Beef from 21 farms withdrawn after tests for dioxins". Archived from the original on 21 May 2011. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
  9. ↑ "China seizes tainted Irish pork". RTÉ. 25 January 2009. Archived from the original on 3 February 2009. Retrieved 25 January 2009.
  10. ↑ "Ireland could 'sleepwalk' into food crisis". RTÉ. 28 January 2009. Archived from the original on 31 January 2009. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
  11. ↑ "Recall of all pork in public health alert". Irish Independent. 6 December 2008. Archived from the original on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2008.
  12. ↑ "Irish pork recalled over contamination fears". TV3 Ireland. 7 December 2008. Archived from the original on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2008.
  13. ↑ Conor Pope (6 December 2008). "Investigation after toxic substance found in pigs". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 9 October 2012. Retrieved 7 March 2009. and "Farm contaminant alert". Irish Independent. 6 December 2008. Archived from the original on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2008.
  14. 1 2 "Irish pork contamination probed". BBC News. 8 December 2008. Archived from the original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
  15. 1 2 "Contaminated feed used on eight NI cattle farms". irishtimes.com. 9 December 2008. Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
  16. ↑ "Recall of Irish pork over contamination fears". The Irish Times. 6 December 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2008.
  17. ↑ "Recall notice for Irish pork products". RTÉ. 6 December 2008. Archived from the original on 9 December 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2008.
  18. ↑ "FSAI moves to allay consumer fears". The Irish Times. 7 December 2008. Retrieved 7 December 2008.
  19. ↑ "Pig processors demand Government help". RTÉ. 8 December 2008. Archived from the original on 26 October 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2008.
  20. ↑ "No EU funding for Irish pork industry". RTÉ. 9 December 2008. Archived from the original on 26 October 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2008.
  21. ↑ "Cowen 'confident' of pig processing agreement". The Irish Times. 10 December 2008. Archived from the original on 11 November 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
  22. ↑ "Information on Irish pork recall". RTÉ. 6 December 2008. Archived from the original on 9 December 2008. Retrieved 8 December 2008.
  23. 1 2 Eaton, David L.; et al. (2006). Health Risks from Dioxin and Related Compounds: Evaluation of the EPA Reassessment (Report in Brief) (PDF). The National Academies. p. 6. ISBN 0-309-10258-8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2011.
  24. ↑ Faroon, Obaid M.; Keith, L. Samuel; Smith-Simon, Cassandra (2003). Polychlorinated Biphenyls: Human Health Aspects (PDF). World Health Organization. p. 58. ISBN 92-4-153055-3. MON-011386.
  25. 1 2 3 Fact Sheet on dioxin in feed and food. Archived 20 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine Europa, Brussels, 20 July 2001.
  26. ↑ Davies, Reginald; Clothier, Bruce; Robinson, Susan W.; Edwards, Richard E.; Greaves, Peter; Luo, JinLi; Gant, Timothy W.; Chernova, Tatyana; Smith, Andrew G. (29 December 2007). "Essential Role of the AH Receptor in the Dysfunction of Heme Metabolism Induced by 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin". Chemical Research in Toxicology (research-article). 21 (2): 330–40. doi:10.1021/tx700176r. PMID 18163543.
  27. ↑ Masuda, Y (2003). "Health Effect of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Related Compounds" (PDF). J Health Sci. 49 (5): 333–336. doi:10.1248/jhs.49.333. ISSN 1344-9702. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 February 2006. Retrieved 9 December 2008.
  28. ↑ Mocarelli, P; Gerthoux, P M; Ferrari, E; Patterson, D G; Kieszak, S M; Brambilla, P; Vincoli, N; Signorini, S; Tramacere, P; Carreri, V; Sampson, E J; Turner, W E; Needham, L L (27 May 2000). "Paternal concentrations of dioxin and sex ratio of offspring" (PDF). Lancet. 355 (9218): 1858–63. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02290-X. hdl:10281/16136. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 10866441. S2CID 6353869.
  29. ↑ Geusau, A; K Abraham; K Geissler; M O Sator; G Stingl; E Tschachler (August 2001). "Severe 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) intoxication: clinical and laboratory effects". Environmental Health Perspectives. 109 (8): 865–9. doi:10.1289/ehp.01109865. ISSN 0091-6765. JSTOR 3454832. PMC 1240417. PMID 11564625. Archived from the original on 18 January 2009. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
  30. ↑ Wexford County Council planning file number 20040404 (accessed 10 March 2010)
  31. ↑ "Firm at centre of toxin scare investigated". RTÉ. 7 December 2008. Archived from the original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 7 December 2008.
  32. ↑ "Carlow firm insists it bought oil in Republic". The Irish Times. 10 December 2008. Archived from the original on 11 November 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
  33. ↑ Mister Dioxin- The Evening Herald, Wednesday December 10, 2008.
  34. ↑ "Ireland Investigating Tainted Pork". The New York Times. 7 December 2008. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2008.
  35. ↑ "Ireland warns public not to eat Irish pork". CNBC. 6 December 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2008.
  36. ↑ "Battle to maintain confidence in Irish beef produce abroad". The Irish Times. 10 December 2008. Archived from the original on 21 May 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
  37. ↑ "Oil-tainted feed causes Irish pork crisis". Chron.com. 8 December 2008. Retrieved 8 December 2008.
  38. ↑ "Pig industry workers to protest in Dublin over pork crisis". The Irish Times. 10 December 2008. Archived from the original on 11 November 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
  39. ↑ "1,400 laid off after pork recall". RTÉ. 8 December 2008. Archived from the original on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 8 December 2008.
  40. ↑ "Oil-tainted feed causes Irish pork crisis". Associated Press. 8 December 2008. Archived from the original on 11 December 2008. Retrieved 8 December 2008.
  41. ↑ "Irish Pig Producers Face EU100 Million Recall Bill (Update2)". Bloomberg.com. 8 December 2008. Retrieved 8 December 2008.
  42. ↑ "All Irish pork recalled". Longford Leader. 7 December 2008. Archived from the original on 11 December 2008. Retrieved 7 December 2008.
  43. ↑ "All Irish pork recalled". Leitrim Observer. 7 December 2008. Retrieved 7 December 2008.
  44. ↑ "Food authority moves to allay consumer fears". RTÉ. 7 December 2008. Archived from the original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 7 December 2008.
  45. ↑ "Hotels and guesthouse 'co-operating' after pork recall-IHF". Irish Independent. 7 December 2008. Archived from the original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 7 December 2008.
  46. ↑ "Tesco reassures customers after refunds confusion". The Irish Times. 8 December 2008. Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 9 December 2008.
  47. ↑ "Information on Irish pork recall". RTÉ Money. 8 December 2008. Archived from the original on 8 January 2009. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
  48. ↑ "Food safety helpline receives over 3,000 calls". The Irish Times. 9 December 2008. Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 9 December 2008.
  49. ↑ "Irish Republic recalls all pork". BBC. 6 December 2008. Archived from the original on 7 December 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2008.
  50. ↑ "Safety limits and health risks". 8 December 2008. Archived from the original on 20 December 2008.
  51. ↑ "Countries ban Irish pork in toxin scare". AFP. 8 December 2008. Archived from the original on 11 December 2008. Retrieved 8 December 2008.
  52. 1 2 Conor Pope (8 December 2008). "World press has field day with Irish pork crisis". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 9 October 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2009.
  53. ↑ "Superquinn to reintroduce Irish pork products". The Irish Times. 10 December 2008. Archived from the original on 21 May 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
  54. ↑ "Contaminated feed used on eight NI cattle farms". The Irish Times. 9 December 2008. Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 9 December 2008.
  55. ↑ "FSAI Updates on Dioxin Tests, 18 December 2008". Food Safety Authority of Ireland. Archived from the original on 21 December 2008. Retrieved 19 December 2008.
  56. ↑ "Dioxin tests on beef 'positive'". RTÉ. 9 December 2008. Archived from the original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 9 December 2008.
  57. ↑ "Sample cattle testing to continue on all farms". The Irish Times. 10 December 2008. Archived from the original on 21 May 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
  58. ↑ "Watchdog talks down risk for several herds of North cattle". The Irish Times. 10 December 2008. Archived from the original on 21 May 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
  59. ↑ "Milk supplies restricted due to feed scare, says McGimpsey". The Irish Times. 10 December 2008. Archived from the original on 21 May 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
  60. ↑ "Irish pork is safe to eat, says EFSA". RTÉ News. 10 December 2008. Archived from the original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
  61. ↑ O'Regan, Eilish (11 December 2008). "EU food watchdog says it's safe to eat Irish pork". Irish Independent. Archived from the original on 12 December 2008. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
  62. ↑ Carolan, Mary (6 March 2010). "Garda to seek prosecutions in pig-feed investigation". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 6 March 2010.
  63. ↑ Carolan, Mary (10 March 2010). "Attempt to stop pig feed contamination case fails". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 10 March 2010.
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