Blue toe syndrome

Blue toe syndrome
SpecialtyCardiology 
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Blue toe syndrome is a situation that may reflect atherothrombotic microembolism, causing transient focal ischaemia, occasionally with minor apparent tissue loss, but without diffuse forefoot ischemia.[1] The development of blue or violaceous toes can also occur with trauma, cold-induced injury, disorders producing generalized cyanosis, decreased arterial flow, impaired venous outflow, and abnormal circulating blood.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] The terms "blue toe syndrome", "grey toe syndrome" and "purple toe syndrome" are sometimes used interchangeably.[10]

Studies may include echocardiography, thoracic and abdominal CT or MRI,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] peripheral arterial run off imaging studies,[19] hypercoagulopathy labs,[20] and interrogation of syndromes that lead to peripheral vascular pathology.[21]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 'Standards for vascular reporting'
  2. ↑ Matchett WJ, McFarland DR, Eidt JF, Moursi MM (2000). "Blue toe syndrome: treatment with intra-arterial stents and review of therapies". J Vasc Interv Radiol. 11 (5): 585–92. doi:10.1016/s1051-0443(07)61610-8. PMID 10834489.
  3. ↑ Applebaum RM, Kronzon I (1996). "Evaluation and management of cholesterol embolization and the blue toe syndrome". Curr Opin Cardiol. 11 (5): 533–42. doi:10.1097/00001573-199609000-00013. PMID 8889381.
  4. ↑ Ishihara T, Ohkubo T, Nakano T, Ohsawa N (1996). "[Cholesterol (cholestelin) embolization syndrome--blue toe syndrome]". Ryoikibetsu Shokogun Shirizu (14): 469–72. PMID 9047906.
  5. ↑ Rosenberg GD, Killewich LA (1995). "Blue toe syndrome from a "coral reef" aorta". Ann Vasc Surg. 9 (6): 561–4. doi:10.1007/BF02018830. PMID 8746834. S2CID 45124442.
  6. ↑ Sottiurai VS, Omlie W (1994). "Femoral artery hypoplasia and persistent sciatic artery with blue toe syndrome: a case report, histologic analysis and review of the literature". Int Angiol. 13 (2): 154–9. PMID 7963875.
  7. ↑ O'Keeffe ST, Woods BO, Breslin DJ, Tsapatsaris NP (1992). "Blue toe syndrome. Causes and management". Arch Intern Med. 152 (11): 2197–202. doi:10.1001/archinte.1992.00400230023004. PMID 1444678.
  8. ↑ Choi KH, Yoo J, Huh JW, Jeong YI, Kim MS, Jue MS, Park HJ (2016). "Blue Toe Syndrome as an Early Sign of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation". Ann Dermatol. 28 (3): 400–1. doi:10.5021/ad.2016.28.3.400. PMC 4884725. PMID 27274647.
  9. ↑ Hirschmann JV, Raugi GJ (January 2009). "Blue (or purple) toe syndrome". J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 60 (1): 1–20, quiz 21–2. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2008.09.038. PMID 19103358.
  10. ↑ Hirschmann JV, Raugi GJ (January 2009). "Blue (or purple) toe syndrome". J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 60 (1): 1–20, quiz 21–2. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2008.09.038. PMID 19103358.
  11. ↑ Blackshear JL, Oldenburg WA, Cohen MD (Dec 1994). "Making the diagnosis when the patient has 'blue toes'". Geriatrics. 49 (12): 37–9, 43–5. PMID 7982584.
  12. ↑ Kopani K, Liao S, Shaffer K (2009). "The Coral Reef Aorta: Diagnosis and Treatment Following CT". Radiol. Case Rep. 4 (1): 209. doi:10.2484/rcr.v4i1.209. PMC 5106526. PMID 27843516.
  13. ↑ Belczak SQ, Sincos IR, Aun R, Costa KV, Araujo EA (Apr 2014). "Coral reef aorta, emergency surgical: case report and literature review". Einstein (Sao Paulo). 12 (2): 237–41. doi:10.1590/s1679-45082014rc2772. PMC 4891170. PMID 25003933.
  14. ↑ Schulte KM, Reiher L, Grabitz L, Sandmann W (Nov 2000). "Coral reef aorta: a long-term study of 21 patients". Ann Vasc Surg. 14 (6): 626–33. doi:10.1007/s100169910091. PMID 11128458. S2CID 25265011.
  15. ↑ "Diagnosis and Treatment Following CT". Radiol. Case Rep. 4 (1): 209. Oct 2016.
  16. ↑ Policha A, Moudgill N, Eisenberg J, Rao A, DiMuzio P (2013). "Coral reef aorta: case report and review of the literature". Vascular. 21 (4): 251–9. doi:10.1177/1708538113478764. PMID 23518854. S2CID 63550.
  17. ↑ Qvarfordt PG, Reilly LM, Sedwitz MM, Ehrenfeld WK, Stoney RJ (1984). ""Coral reef" atherosclerosis of the suprarenal aorta: a unique clinical entity". J Vasc Surg. 1 (6): 903–9. doi:10.1067/mva.1984.avs0010903. PMID 6492313.
  18. ↑ Grotemeyer D, Pourhassan S, Rehbein H, Voiculescu A, Reinecke P, Sandmann W (2007). "The coral reef aorta - a single centre experience in 70 patients". Int J Angiol. 16 (3): 98–105. doi:10.1055/s-0031-1278258. PMC 2733021. PMID 22477301.
  19. ↑ Blackshear JL, Oldenburg WA, Cohen MD (Dec 1994). "Making the diagnosis when the patient has 'blue toes'". Geriatrics. 49 (12): 37–9, 43–5. PMID 7982584.
  20. ↑ Blackshear JL, Oldenburg WA, Cohen MD (Dec 1994). "Making the diagnosis when the patient has 'blue toes'". Geriatrics. 49 (12): 37–9, 43–5. PMID 7982584.
  21. ↑ Blackshear JL, Oldenburg WA, Cohen MD (Dec 1994). "Making the diagnosis when the patient has 'blue toes'". Geriatrics. 49 (12): 37–9, 43–5. PMID 7982584.
  • Pictures are available on this link. 'Blue toe syndrome'
  • Nijhof IS, Majoie IM, Dijkhorst-Oei LT, Bousema MT (2007). "[Blue toe syndrome; a sign of end-arterial occlusion]". Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 151 (23): 1261–7. PMID 17624153.
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