COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia
| COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia | |
|---|---|
 Confirmed cases by department
<1 000 confirmed
1 000-4 999 confirmed
5 000–9 999 confirmed
10 000–49 999 confirmed
50 000–99 999 confirmed
100 000–499 999 confirmed
≥500 000 confirmed | |
| Disease | COVID-19 |
| Virus strain | SARS-CoV-2 |
| Location | Colombia |
| First outbreak | Wuhan, Hubei, China |
| Index case | Bogotá |
| Arrival date | 6 March 2020 (1 year, 11 months, 1 week and 6 days) |
| Confirmed cases | 6,039,163 |
| Recovered | 5,857,040 |
Deaths | 137,869 |
| Fatality rate | 2.28% |
| Government website | |
| www.ins.gov.co/Coronavirus | |
The COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia is part of the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was confirmed to have reached Colombia on 6 March 2020.[1][2]
Up to January 2022, four waves affected Colombia: Infections and deaths peaked in August 2020, again in January 2021 following the Christmas holidays, reached new highs between April and June 2021, and a fourth wave was confirmed in late December 2021 following the arrival of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2.[3]
"Confirmed COVID-19" was the primary cause of death in Colombia in 2020, where the virus caused over 50,000 fatalities by the end of the calendar year. An additional 13,000 deaths in Colombia that year were suspected to be caused by COVID-19, making "suspected COVID-19" the third most common cause of death.[4] The "confirmed COVID-19" death toll doubled during the first half of 2021, reaching 100,000 before the end of June (including all deaths from the beginning of the pandemic).[5]
Background
On 12 January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed that a novel coronavirus was the cause of a respiratory illness in a cluster of people in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, which had been reported to the WHO on 31 December 2019.[6][7] By early February 2020, the global death toll for COVID-19 had already exceeded that of SARS of 2003.[8] Although the case fatality ratio for COVID-19 was much lower than SARS of 2003,[9][10] COVID-19 was more contagious;[11] this was known by March 2020.[12][9]
Timeline
2020
March
On 6 March, the Ministry of Health and Social Protection confirmed Colombia's first case of coronavirus, a 19-year-old female patient who recently travelled to Milan, Italy.[1][13]
On 9 March, two more cases were confirmed.[14]
On 11 March, six more cases were confirmed, three in Medellín,[15] two in Bogotá and one in Cartagena. Later on the same day, three more cases were confirmed, bringing the total to 9.[16]
On 12 March, four more cases were confirmed, two in Bogotá and two in Neiva.[17] Authorities declared a health emergency, suspending all public events involving more than 500 people, as well as implementing measures intended to keep cruise ships from docking in any national port.[18]
On 13 March, three new cases were reported, one in Bogotá, one in Palmira and the other in Villavicencio.[19] President Iván Duque announced that as of 16 March, entry to Colombia will be restricted for visitors who have been in Europe or Asia within the past 14 days. Colombian citizens and residents who have been in Europe or Asia can be admitted into the country, but must undergo a 14-day self-quarantine as a precaution.[16]
Additionally, Duque announced Colombia would shut down all of its border crossings with Venezuela, effective as of 14 March.[20] Associated Press reported that experts are worried that the Venezuelan refugee crisis could boost the spread of the virus.[21]
On the night of 15 March, the Health Ministry announced 11 new cases, bringing the total up to 45. Of those 11, 6 were in Bogotá, 4 in Neiva and 1 in the town of Facatativá. Additionally, President Iván Duque, along with the Ministries of Health and Education, announced suspension of classes for all public and private schools and universities in the country.[22]
On the morning of 16 March, nine new cases were reported in Bogotá.[23] Later that same day, three additional cases were also reported in Bogotá,[24] bringing the total to 57. President Iván Duque declared all land and sea borders[25] be closed in conjunction with the governments of Ecuador, Peru and Brazil. Córdoba, Meta and Santander Departments issued curfews to avoid the spread of the virus.[26][27][28]
On the morning of 17 March, Colombia's Health Ministry confirmed 8 more cases.[29] Later the same day, they confirmed another 10 cases, bringing the total to 75.[30] Cartagena's mayor extended the curfew, which previously applied only to the tourist city center from 10:00 p.m. to 4:00 am, to the whole city from 6:00 p.m. to 4:00 a.m. during weekdays, and for 24 hours during weekends.[31] Bogotá mayor Claudia López, announced a mandatory isolation drill for the extended weekend, from 20 to 23 March.[32] The Bogotá drill allowed exceptions for the elderly and disabled and delivery personnel to move around. Pet owners were authorized to take animals outside for 20 minutes and one person per family could leave to purchase supplies.[33]
On 17 March, at 9:00 pm local time (UTC–5), President Iván Duque spoke to the Colombians and declared the state of emergency, announcing that he would take economic measures that were announced the following day. The first measure taken seeking the protection of the elderly is to decree mandatory isolation from 7:00 am on 20 March to 31 May for all adults over 70 years of age. They must remain in their residences except to stock up on food or access health or financial services. Government entities were instructed to make it easier for them to receive their pensions, medicines, healthcare or food at home.[34]
On the evening of 20 March, President Iván Duque announced a 19-day nationwide quarantine, starting on 24 March at midnight and ending on 12 April at midnight.[35]
On 21 March, the Ministry of Health confirmed the first death from coronavirus in Colombia, a 58-year-old man who worked as a taxi driver in Cartagena who died on 16 March and reportedly carried Italian tourists on his taxi on 4 March. According to authorities, the person started presenting symptoms two days later. Initially, COVID-19 had been dismissed as the cause of his death as he had tested negative for coronavirus, however, his sister had tested positive for the disease. After the patient's decease, the National Health Institute (INS) analyzed two tests from him, both of which were negative with one of those being taken improperly, but decided to keep the investigation open owing to his sister's condition. Eventually, the INS concluded that the taxi driver was her only possible source of contagion, therefore attributing his death to the new virus in spite of the laboratory evidence stating otherwise.[36]
On 22 March, the Ministry of Health confirmed the second death linked to the virus, a 70-year-old woman from Yumbo whose daughter had returned from Cuba on 2 March and reported to have had contact with two people from the United States, one of which had tested positive for coronavirus. In addition to this, 21 new cases were reported, bringing the total up to 231.[37]
On 26 March, only 21 new positive cases were confirmed, which represented a decrease from previous days when over 90 positive cases were reported. According to the INS, this decrease was due to damage to the machine that prepared the samples for processing and subsequent diagnosis of COVID-19, which affected the speed at which results were being produced.[38]
April
On 6 April, President Iván Duque announced in his daily broadcast an extension of the nationwide lockdown until 27 April to curtail further transmission of the coronavirus. During said broadcast Health Minister Fernando Ruíz revealed that infection numbers were lower than initially expected. While the country was expected to have over 5,700 cases by 4 April according to initial estimates, the actual number by that day was just over 1,400. At the same time it was announced that businesses affected by the lockdown would benefit from up to COP 12 trillion (US$2.9 billion) in credits.[39]
On 9 April, Bogotá mayor Claudia López announced gender-based quarantine measures, known as Pico y género, to reduce circulation of the population. Under this rule, women can go out for essential tasks, like grocery shopping, on even-numbered days, while men can go out on odd-numbered days.[40] The rule explicitly allows for self-designation of gender identity where it mentions the existence of transgender people; nonetheless, the rule has had a harmful impact on the transgender community.[41] Informal workers who rely on daily labor for wages have also been harmed by the quarantine.[42] In other departments and municipalities, transit-restriction measures such as Pico y cédula, which allow people to go out for essential tasks on specific days of the week according to the last digit of their ID (cédula) were implemented.[43]
On 10 April, INPEC reported the first death of a prisoner by COVID-19: a 63-year-old man who had been held in the Villavicencio prison until 1 April and died six days later at the city's local hospital. The following day, a 78-year-old inmate at the same prison died as well and another one was confirmed to have tested positive for coronavirus, who would die on 17 April. That same day, 13 inmates and seven guards were reported to be active COVID-19 cases. By 23 April, the outbreak at Villavicencio prison was reported to have extended to 109 cases.[44]
On 20 April, President Iván Duque announced a further extension of the nationwide lockdown until 11 May, but allowed the construction and manufacturing sectors to reopen starting from 27 April, under specific protocols. International and domestic commercial flights would remain suspended until the end of May, as would inter-municipal transport. On the other hand, public transport within cities was required to operate at a maximum of 35% capacity. Individual exercise was also allowed.[45]
May
On 5 May, President Iván Duque announced a further extension of the nationwide lockdown for two weeks, until 25 May at midnight. He also announced that more economic sectors would be allowed to re-open under strict protocols starting from 11 May: automobile, furniture, and clothing manufacturing industries, wholesale trade and certain retailers such as laundries, bookstores and stationeries. Children aged 6–17 would be allowed to go outside three times a week for 30 minutes, with those aged 14 and under required to be accompanied by an adult who does not belong to a high-risk group (people over 70 years old or with underlying medical conditions). In addition to that, municipalities without confirmed COVID-19 cases would also be able to start re-opening their economic sectors, in coordination with mayors, governors and the national government. Bars, dine-in restaurants, gyms, and clubs would remain closed, and massive events would remain forbidden.[46]
On 8 May, Bogotá mayor Claudia López announced new measures regarding the planned reactivation of the economy. All permitted construction works with safety protocols in place could resume by 11 May, working from 10 a.m. to 7 pm. Manufacturing companies with safety protocols in place could request permission to resume operations as early as 18 May, between 10 a.m and 5 a.m. (for this sector, which may have more than one work shift, business hours will depend on the size of the company), while wholesale traders and retailers may resume beginning 25 May, from noon to midnight. As the economic reactivation would make the pico y género measure unworkable, given that more people would need to leave their homes to go to work regardless of gender, this restriction was lifted on 11 May.[47] An "orange alert" was declared for some neighborhoods in Kennedy, the locality with the most COVID-19 cases in the city. Residents of those sectors would be subject to a strict quarantine, only able to go out for essential tasks. Street sales and outside physical activity were prohibited in the area. These zones were to be monitored by health authorities for two weeks.[48]
That same day, the National Health Institute reported 595 new confirmed cases on its daily report, raising the total of confirmed cases to 10,051. Bogotá was the region with the highest number of new cases, with 225. 21 new deaths were reported, raising the total to 228, and 2,424 people had recovered. Moreover, the institution reported that 4,387 tests were processed that day, and over 123,700 tests had been processed since the start of the outbreak in March.[49]
With Mother's Day in Colombia being celebrated on the second Sunday of May (10 May in 2020) and given that the holiday is considered a critical one by authorities due to the high consumption of alcohol, gatherings and brawls, several departments and municipalities decreed curfews and prohibition of the sale and distribution of alcoholic beverages (ley seca) within their jurisdictions for the weekend between Friday night and Monday morning to prevent further spread of coronavirus as well.[50]
On 14 May the National Government, through a decree issued by the Ministry of Interior, ordered the governor of the Amazonas Department as well as the mayor of Leticia the closure of every opened economic activity in the municipality and the department except for the ones strictly necessary for health, supply and essential services and declared a lockdown for that specific zone of the country until 30 May. This decision was reached due to the fast spread of coronavirus in the Amazonas Department since the confirmation of the first positive case in the department on 17 April, with 924 confirmed cases and 90 out of every 10,000 inhabitants being diagnosed with COVID-19. According to the reports by the INS, it was the highest rate in the country, ahead of Bogotá with 5.5 infected people per 10,000 inhabitants as of that day.[51]
On 17 May, a humanitarian flight arrived in Colombia with 366 Colombian nationals. Due to travel restrictions, they had been stranded in other countries on four continents. Upon returning to Colombia, they were required to isolate for 14 days.[52]
On 19 May, President Iván Duque announced a fourth extension of the national lockdown until 31 May, as well as the extension of the national health emergency until 31 August.[53] Starting from 1 June, the country would enter a new stage in which reactivation of museums, libraries and domestic service activities would be evaluated, schools and universities were confirmed to continue under the modality of virtual education until August, when universities would be allowed to reopen under a model of alternation between classroom and virtual classes. People over 70 would have to remain isolated until 30 June.[54]
On 23 May, the INS reported a total of 20,177 confirmed cases of COVID-19 and 1,046 new cases on its daily report, being this the first time the country reported over 1,000 infected people in 24 hours since the confirmation of the first case on 6 March.[55]
On 28 May, a further extension of the national lockdown in place since March until 1 July was announced. At the same time, more businesses such as hairdressers and barbers, as well as malls would be allowed to reopen from 1 June, at the discretion of local mayors, while allowing more freedom of movement in some parts of the country. However, local authorities of cities with high rates of infection such as Bogotá, Cali (where an "orange alert" was declared), Barranquilla and Cartagena had already announced that movement restrictions would remain in place and reopening of economic activities would be delayed for at least two more weeks.[56][57]
On 30 May, Bogotá mayor Claudia López announced a total lockdown for the Kennedy locality for two weeks starting from 1 June and extending to 14 June at midnight. The decision was reached given that the zone had over 2,000 positive cases for COVID-19, the highest number of cases in the city. All exemptions to leave the locality were rescinded, except for essential tasks. All economic sectors that had resumed activities in Kennedy were also suspended, as well as every outside physical activity.[58]
June
On 2 June Colombia reported 40 new deaths, with which the country exceeded the figure of 1,000 deaths from COVID-19, reaching a total of 1,009. Up to that day, Bogotá reported the highest number of total deaths with 258.[59] On the evening of that day, the Ministry of Education issued guidelines to regional and local education authorities as well as private schools and kindergartens stating that students would remain studying from home until 31 July, and inviting them to arrange for protocols for the gradual return of students to classrooms under a model of alternation starting from 1 August, in coordination with health authorities.[60] This announcement was not well received by parents, who expressed their concerns over the health of their children.[61] On 16 June, associations of private schools stated their intention to not return to classroom classes and finish the school year with virtual education.[62]
In its daily report for 7 June, the Health Ministry confirmed the first positive case in the Guaviare Department, with which every department of Colombia has reported at least one case of COVID-19.[63][64]
On 15 June, Bogotá mayor Claudia López declared an "orange alert" for the city's hospital system, considering that occupation of intensive care units in the city had surpassed 54%. The alert meant that, starting from 16 June, the District through its Regulatory Center for Urgencies and Emergencies (CRUE in Spanish) would officially take over administration and control of all ICU units in both public and private hospitals, and would refer COVID-19 patients requiring a unit to them according to proximity and availability criteria. López also announced the introduction of the Pico y cédula measure to control access to commercial and service establishments, such as banks, supermarkets, and notaries, as well as a two-week total lockdown for zones in the Ciudad Bolívar, Suba, Engativá, and Bosa localities.[65] In Barranquilla, an "orange alert" with similar measures for the city's hospital system was declared by mayor Jaime Pumarejo due to the steady increase of positive cases in the city, which reported 798 new cases on 15 June, over twice the number of new cases recorded in Bogotá that day.[66]
On 16 June, it became known that a group of twenty-five personalities over the age of 70, led by former Minister of Finance Rudolf Hommes, former Minister of Interior and Vice-President Humberto De la Calle, former Minister for Employment and acting mayor of Bogotá Clara López Obregón and politician Álvaro Leyva, as well as former mayor of Cali Maurice Armitage, nicknamed the Rebelión de las canas ("Gray hair rebellion"), lodged a tutelage action against the National Government as they considered their fundamental rights were being violated by the mobility restrictions set in place for the elderly population during the pandemic. They also argued they were being discriminated by the Government by being singled out as a special group and protecting them against their own will, thus negating their autonomy to make decisions regarding their own protection.[67] In response to that, President Iván Duque stated that they were not being discriminated, and that the measures in place were aimed at taking care of them and protecting their lives.[68]
On 21 June, the Health Ministry reported 111 deaths in the last 24 hours, being the first time Colombia recorded 100 daily deaths since the start of the pandemic.[69] By that day, over half of the municipalities in the country (575 out of 1,122) had reported cases of COVID-19 compared to only 196 in April, meaning that each day six new municipalities were reporting positive cases. Five municipalities concentrated 65.2% of all positive cases: Bogotá, Barranquilla, Cartagena, Cali, and Soledad in the Atlántico Department, while that department as well as San Andrés had reported cases in all of their municipalities. On the other hand, 129 municipalities were already without active cases, those having either recovered or died. During the previous week, the pandemic had accelerated with the country reporting 10,000 cases in just four days, having taken two months to report that same amount at the start of the pandemic. Moreover, the case fatality rate per million inhabitants increased fourfold from 8 May, going from 9 to 39.[70]
On 23 June, President Iván Duque announced a sixth extension of the nationwide lockdown until 15 July, with the same restrictions and exceptions that were in place up to that moment. The reopening of economic sectors would still be subject to the discretion of local authorities, while pilot programs to test the reopening of additional sectors such as restaurants and places of religious worship were announced to be held in municipalities with low numbers of coronavirus infections.[71]
July
On 1 July the Ministry of Health reported 4,163 new cases out of 18,054 processed samples, with which Colombia exceeded the figure of 100,000 positive cases for COVID-19, reaching a total of 102,009. 136 deaths and 1,334 recoveries were also reported on that day, for a total of 3,470 and 43,407, respectively.[72]
On 3 July it was revealed that a judge of Bogotá ruled in favour of the tutelage action lodged by the "Rebelión de las canas" group, ordering the Government to allow the elderly population to leave their homes for outdoor physical exercise two hours every day instead of an hour thrice a week as they were being allowed.[73] In response to this ruling, President Iván Duque said that he would comply with the ruling, but exhorted the elderly population to stay at home on account of the evidence of the lethality of the virus in this segment of the population. Based on this, he announced that the Government would lodge an appeal against the ruling.[74]
On 7 July, a further extension of the nationwide lockdown until 1 August was announced by President Iván Duque, who also confirmed that municipalities with no coronavirus infections or with low infection rates would be allowed to open restaurants, theaters and gyms under strict protocols at the request of mayors. According to the President, as of that day 490 out of the country's 1,122 municipalities had not reported any COVID-19 cases, while 100 had low infection rates and a further 295 had not reported cases in the last three weeks.[75] It was also announced that a pilot for reactivation of domestic flights was authorized to be carried out in the route between Bucaramanga and Cúcuta, with the date for the first flight to be decided by mutual agreement with the authorities of both cities.[76] On 16 July, Duque confirmed that this first pilot would be held on 21 July.[77]
On 9 July, mayor of Cali Jorge Iván Ospina announced that ivermectin would start being used experimentally to treat patients with COVID-19 in the city who are in the early stages of the disease with the aim of preventing the symptoms from worsening and curtail the viral load, thus reducing the number of severe cases that would require admission to intensive care units. The medication, primarily used to treat parasite infestations, was reported to have been used in Ecuador, Peru, and Cuba with positive results.[78] Despite having pointed out that there was no scientific evidence on the effectiveness of ivermectin to treat patients with COVID-19, the National Institute for Food and Drug Surveillance (Invima) greenlit the conduct of a clinical study in Cali with 400 patients for 28 days to determine its effectiveness as a treatment. After the announcement by mayor Ospina, it was reported that citizens in Cali headed to drugstores to buy ivermectin, leading authorities and health experts to tell citizens to not self-medicate themselves.[79][80]
On 10 July, mayor of Bogotá Claudia López announced a series of 14-day sectorized lockdowns to be enforced from 13 July as a measure to cope with the peak of the pandemic, which was expected to occur in the city by early August. Fifteen out of the city's 20 localities were split into three groups, with the first of those comprising the Ciudad Bolívar, San Cristóbal, Rafael Uribe Uribe, Chapinero, Santa Fe, Usme, Los Mártires and Tunjuelito localities being under lockdown from 13 to 26 July. The second group, comprising the Bosa, Kennedy, Puente Aranda and Fontibón localities, would be under lockdown from 27 July to 9 August, while the last group, comprising the Suba, Engativá and Barrios Unidos localities would be under lockdown from 10 to 23 August.[81]
On 13 July, and due to the steady increase of COVID-19 cases in Medellín and the Antioquia Department, mayor of Medellín Daniel Quintero declared a "state of total care" (Estado de cuidado total) in coordination with department and national governments. The declaration implied that strict lockdowns would be enforced in Medellín and the other municipalities making up the Metropolitan Area of the Aburrá Valley every weekend, with four days of opening and three days (Friday, Saturday, Sunday) of closure per week. In case of a holiday falling on Monday, that day would also be included in the periods of closure.[82] Mayor Quintero would confirm on 28 July that he had tested positive for the disease, being asymptomatic.[83]
By 16 July, and despite the expansion of hospital capacity that had been carried out since the onset of the pandemic to strengthen the country's health system, several cities were already reporting high percentages of ICU occupancy: 91% in Bogotá, 86% in Medellín, 95% in Cali, and 82% in Montería, while Riohacha and Quibdó reported less than 10 units still available in each city. In Barranquilla, where an orange alert was declared in mid-June and had ICU occupancy peak at 90%, occupancy was reported to have lowered to 73%.[84]
On 28 July, Health Minister Fernando Ruiz stated in an interview with W Radio that Colombia had signed confidentiality agreements with two pharmaceutical companies for the acquisition of a vaccine for COVID-19. The companies with which those agreements had been signed were reported to be Pfizer and AstraZeneca, which at the time was developing a vaccine along with the University of Oxford. According to the minister's estimate, six million people were expected to be vaccinated in a first stage, and in addition to twose two agreements, Ruiz stated that the country would be looking to reach agreements with at least three other companies.[85] That same day, the daily number of new positive cases surpassed 10,000 for the first time since the onset of the pandemic, with 10,284 new cases being reported by the National Health Institute.[86] During his daily broadcast, President Iván Duque announced a further extension of the nationwide lockdown for one month until 30 August, stating that municipalities with none or low COVID-19 infections would continue with the reopening of economic sectors avoiding large gatherings, while areas with high infection rates would continue under more stringent restrictions.[87]
August
On 5 August, former President of Colombia Álvaro Uribe was confirmed to have tested positive for COVID-19, being asymptomatic. His two sons Tomás and Jerónimo were also reported to have tested positive.[88]
On 11 August, it was announced that the Ministries of Health and the Interior greenlit pilot plans for operation of six routes from José María Córdova International Airport in Rionegro, which serves Medellín. The routes authorized to operate, starting from 18 August, were the ones from Rionegro to Bucaramanga, Cúcuta, Pereira, Manizales, Armenia, and San Andrés Island.[89] By 13 August, it was confirmed that 15 airports had been enabled to resume operations with pilot flights: in addition to Bucaramanga, Cúcuta and Rionegro, Palmira (serving Cali), Soledad (serving Barranquilla), Cartagena, Santa Marta, Armenia, Pereira, Manizales, Medellín, Montería, Bogotá, Chachagüí (serving Pasto) and San Andrés were all approved to resume operations upon agreement between local authorities of their respective cities, with Villavicencio also expected to present a proposal for resumption of flights to and from said city. Mayor of Bogotá Claudia López stated that flight operation from Bogotá would be resumed as of 1 September with flights to Cartagena, Leticia and San Andrés, destinations approved by the Ministry of Health considering that by then they would have passed the peak of the pandemic and that, in addition, meet epidemiological criteria. Additionally, it was announced that a negative COVID-19 test would be required to enter San Andrés Island, which travellers would have to take two days before the flight.[90]
On 12 August the authorities of Caquetá Department and its capital Florencia made a decision to put the entire department under lockdown for 10 days starting on 15 August and ending on 25 August due to the exponential growth of COVID-19 cases, which saw the number of total cases in the department go up from 300 to 2,794 in the three most recent weeks. After an analysis by the Caquetá branch of the Colombian Medical College, a strict quarantine was seen as a possible efficient measure to lower both the contagion curve as well as the pressure on the medical services of the department, with ICU occupation surpassing 90% and delays of up to 10 days in the delivery of test results.[91]
On 13 August, mayor of Bogotá Claudia López announced that over 1.2 million people living in the localities of Usaquén, Chapinero, Santa Fe, La Candelaria, Teusaquillo, Puente Aranda, and Antonio Nariño would be under a two-week lockdown from 16 to 30 August as these zones still had high speed of virus transmission and affectation. While Puente Aranda, Chapinero, Santa Fe, and Antonio Nariño had already experienced the sectorized lockdown model, those zones were once again quarantined since the aforementioned factors had not been lowered.[92] This announcement was met with mixed reactions: while citizens from some of the localities to go under lockdown praised the decision, other citizens, as well as traders and entrepreneurs voiced their disagreement and staged protests against the measure.[93]
On 20 August, an outbreak at a nursing home in Manizales was discovered with 74 elderly people testing positive for COVID-19 following an index case detected on 17 August, with the ensuing epidemiological fence and quick tests also confirming 11 residents testing negative, 12 positive cases among the place's workers, and nine others pending a result. One of the infected adults had to be taken to an intensive care unit while others had to be isolated in hotels at the city.[94]
On 24 August, President Iván Duque announced that the lockdown that was in force in the country since March would end on 1 September, and starting from that day and for at least one month, the country would enter into a new stage named "selective isolation", aimed at isolating only specific cases of people infected or suspected to be infected with the virus and their inner circle while also lifting most restrictions on mobility for the remainder of the population. According to the Colombian government, this decision was reached since most of the country's main cities were experiencing a plateau in their contagion curves and some others had already started a downwards trend in their numbers of new cases and deaths, which would allow to accelerate the economic reactivation of the country. Concerts, sporting events, and others that can cause massive crowds of people would remain forbidden, as well as the consumption of alcohol in public places, while local rulers would be able to retain the power to maintain some control measures, mainly in the cities with the greatest impact. However, President Duque pointed out that the health emergency which was also in place in the country would be extended until 30 November.[95]
That same day, Health Minister Fernando Ruiz confirmed the participation of Colombian volunteers in the Phase III trials of the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine, developed by Janssen Pharmaceuticals. The clinical trials were scheduled to take place in September 2020, once the report on the previous stages of the vaccine was available. In this announcement, Ruiz added that a confidentiality agreement to allow the country access to the vaccine had already been signed.[96]
On 26 August, a new decree in Bogotá specifically prohibited indoor entertainment including bars, dance clubs, gambling casinos, and video game arcades. It remained unclear whether outdoor amusement parks would be legally permitted. The Colombian Association of Attractions and Amusement Parks (Acolap), which has six open-air parks in Bogotá, planned to reopen.[97]
September
On 8 September, it was revealed that a 41-year man who had traveled from Bogotá to Cartagena by plane on 2 September on business matters, and had passed all screening and biosafety filters at both airports died of COVID-19. The passenger started showing symptoms in the evening of the same day of the trip, and was admitted to a hospital three days later as his condition worsened, testing positive and passing away shortly afterwards. Following the discovery, health authorities in Cartagena proceeded to track all passengers of the flight as well as all possible close contacts who might have been within 2 metres of the patient to perform an epidemiological fence and further tests if required.[98]
By that day, there was a sharp drop in the number of confirmed daily infections, despite the fact that the average number of daily tests carried out was maintained (between 20,000 and 25,000 PCR and between 7,000 and 10,000 antigen ones), with the health authority reporting on 7 September 5,327 new infections in the last 24 hours, after 21,856 PCR tests and 8,760 antigen tests were processed, while in the previous three days over 8,000 infections were reported on average, thus signaling a decreasing trend. Daily deaths also dropped, going down to 203 that day and going back to levels reached one or two months prior.[99]
On 10 September, Health Minister Fernando Ruiz made an analysis of the situation of the pandemic in the country six months after its onset. According to Ruiz, the pandemic had developed in the country in a similar way to that of the rest of the world, and identified four moments according to the degree of affectation of the different cities of the country. A first moment, with a very quick, high and severe impact was experienced in Leticia, with affectation in said city being more similar to the situation in Brazil, and later a second moment in coastal cities such as Barranquilla, Cartagena, Buenaventura and Tumaco, as well as Quibdó. The third wave, which was being experienced at the moment, involved peaks in the main cities such as Bogotá, Medellín, and Cali, while a fourth wave was being expected in middle cities such as Bucaramanga, Cúcuta, Popayán, Pasto and others with a slower growth of cases such as Manizales in which positive cases were already starting to spike. Finally, there would be a last moment involving very dispersed areas of the country as well as small municipalities where the impact had been very low until then.[100]
In mid-September, it was known that Senator Carlos Fernando Motoa petitioned the National Institute of Health to explain the reasons for the decline on the number of daily tests taken, which were sharply decreasing in the most recent weeks in spite of the fact that the country had the capability to perform 50,000 daily tests. In response to this petition, INS director Martha Ospina explained, in a document sent to the Senate's Seventh Commission, that processing by laboratories was not being delayed as they were reading all samples and releasing results within 30 hours, with some of them within 9 hours, and that the decrease in the number of tests was due to several factors including the decrease in the number of hospitalized and ICU patients due to COVID-19, changes in testing guidelines, decrease in massive screening, non-compliance of some laboratories with the rate defined by decree for tests, and refusal of people to take the test.[101]
On 21 September, mayor of Bogotá Claudia López announced the lifting of several restrictions that were in place in the city to be able to mobilize or access commercial products and services which were part of the measures implemented to contain the pandemic, such as the pico y cédula, which restricted access to commercial establishments, while also allowing restaurants and other economic sectors to open every day, instead of some days per week as it was being enforced. The only restrictions that were left in place were those regarding entry times by sectors, to prevent thousands of people from converging in the city's public transport system at peak hours.[102]
On 28 September, President Iván Duque announced the extension of the selective isolation stage in force since 1 September until the end of October, keeping the restrictions that were in place for such stage.[103]
October
On 2 October, it was known that three people arriving by humanitarian flights from Madrid, Lima and Mexico City in the evening of 30 September entered the country while being positive for COVID-19. According to Migración Colombia, the passengers were allowed to board the flights despite showing the positive tests and after doing the same upon arrival to Colombia, the biosecurity protocol was activated and the three citizens were isolated. In addition to that, the other passengers of those flights were now compelled to isolate and test themselves.[104] It was also reported that in the evening of 4 October a woman with her baby, both also positive for COVID-19, entered the country from Cancún, Mexico in a flight operated by the airline Wingo.[105]
On 5 October, in a flight from Medellín to Bogotá operated by Avianca, a group of musicians of the Medellín Philharmonic Orchestra offered a concert to the passengers using wind instruments such as trumpets, which generated widespread criticism against the airline for breaching biosecurity protocols as those instruments have been considered by experts to help spread the virus in closed spaces such as an aircraft cabin. The following day, Migración Colombia director Juan Francisco Espinoza informed that up to that day, 70 passengers had been refused entry into the country for failing to present a negative PCR test result, while the Civil Aeronautics announced the opening of investigations against both Wingo and Avianca in response to the incidents involving both airlines.[105]
On 7 October, the Phase III clinical trials of the vaccine developed by Janssen Pharmaceutica began, with the application of the first dose to a volunteer in Floridablanca.[106] The trials of this vaccine were being carried out in 10 medical centers throughout the country, however, on 12 October Johnson & Johnson announced it would pause temporarily the trials since one volunteer became ill with "an unexplained disease".[107]
On 19 October, the Colombian government reported that 242 medical teams were attacked between January and September 2020, a 63 percent increase over 2019. Attacks ranged from threats and discrimination to injuries to health personnel. According to the Health Ministry of Colombia, about 38 per cent of the cases of aggression against health workers occurred in a context related to the pandemic, with nurses, doctors, ambulance drivers, technicians and assistants being accused of medical negligence or discriminated against for being considered a source of contagion.[108]
On 20 October, the Colombian government announced a ban on public Halloween celebrations on 31 October. According to Health Minister Fernando Ruiz, the decision was reached since there was scientific evidence that parties and gatherings have been the main cause of new COVID-19 infections in Europe, while the high rate of population at risk in the country did not allow to make way for situations in which their lives could be endangered. Moreover, candy-picking tours on streets and shopping malls were deemed to generate supercontagators, spreading the virus as they go from door to door. Lastly, the country was on a downwards yet still fragile trend in the epidemic curve, and celebrations such as Halloween could cause troubles to keep said trend.[109] In addition to this, territorial entities were free to set curfews for the weekend, with several departamental capital cities and intermediate towns such as Bucaramanga, Ibagué, Tunja, Manizales, Armenia, Pereira and Neiva applying the measure.[110]
On 23 October, Vice-President Marta Lucía Ramírez was confirmed to have tested positive for COVID-19, albeit asymptomatic and in good health. The Colombian government stated she had taken the test on Thursday ahead of a planned conference with local governors, and that she was carrying out the corresponding isolation. President Iván Duque, who had her appear on his nightly television broadcast on Monday, was also tested on Thursday, with the result being negative.[111]
On 24 October the country reached 1 million confirmed coronavirus cases, becoming the second country in Latin America to report that number in less than a week, after Argentina,[112] as well as the eighth country in the world to have reached that number. On that day, 8,769 new cases, 198 new deaths, and 5,727 new recoveries were reported for a total of 1,007,711 confirmed cases, 30,000 deaths and 907,379 recoveries.[113]
On 28 October, President Iván Duque announced the extension of the selective isolation stage until 30 November, with the same permissions and restrictions being kept in place through November.[114]
November
A poll conducted from 9 November to 10 December by the National Administrative Department of Statistics (Dane) found that only half of Colombians wanted to be vaccinated against coronavirus. In Quibdó, 72 percent said they wanted the vaccine, but in Cali, only 43 percent wanted it. Among those who said they did not want the vaccine, most said they feared side effects.[115]
On 25 November, President Iván Duque extended the state of health emergency for 90 additional days until 28 February 2021. The decision was reached since Tunja and cities in the Coffee Axis such as Manizales and Pereira were still going through their first peak of infection, and prevention measures needed to be reinforced ahead of the start of December. The extension of the health emergency also implied the extension of the selective isolation stage for the same period of time, with its involved restrictions.[116]
On 28 November, the National Health Institute (INS) released the preliminary findings of its seroprevalence study aimed at determining a more accurate estimate on the percentage of Colombian population that had already had contact with the novel coronavirus, with or without symptoms. The study was being performed in 10 cities through strategies such as mass, random sampling and blood test analysis on over 20,000 people, with the first findings revealing that nearly 60% of screened people in Leticia (59%) and Barranquilla (57%) had developed coronavirus antibodies, which could indicate they could have already been infected, while in Medellín antibodies were found in nearly one in three people (27%). While those results showed that the country has taken steps heading to a potential herd immunity given that the seroprevalence findings were higher than in other countries, it was also evident that the proportion of the population still susceptible to infection was still high and the containment strategies of the virus were not the best.[117]
December
On 2 December, former senator Juan José García Romero died of COVID-19 at age 76.[118]
On 18 December, the Colombian government announced the plan for COVID-19 vaccination to be carried out during 2021, after having secured 40 million doses from Pfizer and AstraZeneca.[119] According to the schedule presented by the government, mass vaccination would begin in February and would be divided into five stages. The first stage will cover all front-line health and support workers, as well as people aged over 80, who are considered the segment of the population at the highest risk. The second stage will cover health workers in the second and third lines of attention, as well as people aged 60 to 79, while the third stage will cover inhabitants aged 16 to 60 with comorbidities as well as the entirety of elementary and high school teachers, to ensure the return of students to face-to-face classes. The first three stages will make up the first phase, in which the objective will be reducing mortality and severe case incidence rates from COVID-19, as well as protecting health workers. The second phase, comprising the last two stages, will be aimed at reducing infection rates to reach herd immunity and will cover institutional caregivers and population involved in risky occupations and situations, as well as the people aged 16 and 60 without comorbidities. To achieve herd immunity, the government expects to vaccinate roughly 70% of the Colombian population, or 35,734,649 people. People who have already suffered the disease, nearly 1.5 million as of that day, will not be included in the vaccination plan, nor will be children under 16 as vaccine tests performed until now have not covered that segment of the population. In all, around 34 million Colombians will be eligible to be vaccinated.[120]
On 21 December, the National Health Institute (INS) released additional findings of its seroprevalence study in five cities, where about one-third of sampled residents had developed coronavirus antibodies: Bogotá (30%), Bucaramanga (32%), Cúcuta (40%) and Villavicencio (34%). Out of the 10 cities chosen by the INS to carry out this study, the results for Cali, Ipiales, and Guapi were still to be reported. An additional study performed by the University of Córdoba found a 59% seroprevalence in Montería. Considering the seroprevalence reports for these cities, along with the findings for Leticia, Barranquilla, and Medellín that were reported in late November, an estimate of 4.6 million Colombians could have already been infected by coronavirus, half of those in Bogotá and thrice more than the cases found by testing and official records.[121]
2021
January
While there had been 5,539 intensive care beds in Colombia at the beginning of 2019, by the beginning of 2021 hospitals had increased this to 11,905 beds specifically to address the expected needs of COVID-19 patients. In January 2021, three-quarters of these intensive-care beds were occupied.[122] The department of Quindío, with 74% occupancy, was representative of the national average.[123] Bogotá had a higher rate (92% overall occupancy, and 93% occupancy of the beds designated for COVID patients).[124]
On 20 January, a spokesperson for OPS said that Colombia was in the first group of eligible countries for vaccine distribution through the COVAX strategy as it met the criteria for inclusion due to its preparation and readiness, with distribution likely starting from the first week of February.[125][126]
On 21 January, the total number of confirmed deaths in Colombia during the pandemic reached 50,000,[127] with the number of confirmed cases surpassing 2 million two days later.[128]
On 28 January, Colombia's response to the pandemic was described as the third worst out of a group of 98 countries according to the Lowy Institute, an independent think tank in Australia, only ahead of Brazil and Mexico.[129]
On 29 January, President Iván Duque announced that the process of mass vaccination in Colombia would begin on 20 February, and also signed the decree for the National Plan of Vaccination which had been announced in December as the country's guideline for mass vaccination. Duque also confirmed the purchase of 10 million doses of the Moderna vaccine and 2.5 million doses of the vaccine by Sinovac, which added to 10 million doses from Pfizer–BioNTech, 10 million doses from Oxford–AstraZeneca, 9 million doses from Janssen, and 10 million doses through COVAX would be able to cover the 34 million Colombians eligible for vaccination.[130]
On 30 January, the National Institute of Health confirmed the detection of the new P.1 variant of SARS-CoV-2 (later to be known under the name "Gamma") which had already been identified in Brazil, in a 24-year-old patient from Tabatinga, Amazonas state of Brazil who crossed the border to seek medical care in Leticia.[131] As a preventive measure to avoid the spread of that new strain into the country, starting from 29 January passenger flights to and from Leticia were suspended for 15 days while flights between Colombia and Brazil were suspended for 30 days.[132][133] An older adult in Bogotá had already died of COVID-19 caused by P.1 on 28 January, though this was not reported until weeks later.[134]
February
On 11 February, Bogotá's District government announced that the temporary policy initiative of "cielo abierto" (open-air operating businesses) would be made permanent. To achieve this, the city will consider adjusting existing restrictions on the use of public space.[135]
Two hundred international tourists were trapped in Leticia after the highly-contagious Brazilian variant of COVID-19 virus was discovered in the city on 30 January. Two weeks later the Colombian government agreed to fly the tourists out of Alfredo Vásquez Cobo International Airport if the individuals were willing to pay. Regularly scheduled flights to and from the city were due to resume on 2 March.[136]
On 15 February, the first batch of COVID-19 vaccines manufactured by Pfizer and BioNTech, containing 50,000 doses, arrived at El Dorado International Airport in Bogotá where it was received by President Iván Duque, Vice President Marta Lucía Ramírez, and Minister of Health Fernando Ruiz. Duque said that this first batch of vaccines will be destined for front-line health and support personnel, while also confirming that the Colombian government expected the arrival of 1,600,000 additional doses within the following 30 days.[137] That same day, Minister Ruiz confirmed that an intensive care nurse from Sincelejo's University Hospital and another nurse from the National Cancerology Institute in Bogotá would be the first two people to be vaccinated in the country, on 17 February.[138]
As announced by Minister of Health Fernando Ruiz, the Colombian vaccination plan started in the city of Sincelejo on the morning of 17 February with the vaccination of intensive care nurse Verónica Machado, under widespread media coverage.[139]
On 19 February, the Ministry of Health confirmed that at least 45,000 doses out of the first shipment of 192,000 doses of the vaccine by Sinovac, which were expected to arrive to the country the following day, would be sent to the municipalities of Leticia, Puerto Nariño, Mitú, and Inírida in the departments of Amazonas, Vaupés, and Guainía to immunize the entirety of the population aged over 18. With this decision, the Colombian government intended to build in those three departments, which border Brazil, an epidemiological blockade to contain the Brazilian variant and prevent its arrival in other areas of the country. This exceptional measure did not cover pregnant women nor people with a COVID-19 positive test result earlier than 90 days.[140]
On 25 February, President Iván Duque announced on his daily broadcast a further extension of the state of health emergency for three months until 31 May 2021. The health emergency was slated to expire on 28 February.[141]
March
During the first two weeks of the vaccination program, 191,480 first doses were administered. Public health expert Luis Jorge Hernández said the distribution was operating under a scarcity mentality given that only 509,724 doses had arrived in Colombia (including the ones already administered), whereas the Health Ministry had expected to have 850,000 by that point.[142]
President Duque announced that new curfews would be implemented beginning 26 March. Areas where ICU occupancy was over 50% would have a midnight curfew, and, where the ICU occupancy was over 70%, the curfew would begin two hours earlier. The government was most concerned about the regions of Magdalena, Antioquia, Valle del Cauca, and Atlántico, all of which had occupancy rates of 70–79%.[143]
April
On 4 April, the Colombian government issued new measures aimed at curtailing the third wave of the pandemic as well as the increase of new cases in several cities of the country. Starting from 5 April and until 19 April, the government instructed mayors to implement night curfews in cities with ICU occupancy over 50%, with start times varying depending on the occupancy rate of ICUs. Cities with ICU occupancy above 85% should start their curfew at 6:00 pm, cities with occupancy between 80% and 84% should start at 8:00 pm, the ones with occupancy between 70% and 79% should start at 10:00 pm, while the ones with ICU occupancy ranging from 50% to 69% should begin at midnight. For all cases, curfews will end at 5:00 a.m. the following day. The government also suggested the implementation of the pico y cédula measure to restrict individual mobility, with hotels, restaurants, and parks being exempted from the measure.[144][145] Medellín and Barranquilla, which had ICU occupancy around 90%, additionally planned to implement prohibition.[146] Police in Cali broke up dozens of parties on 10 April, one of which was attended by over 200 people.[147]
Bogotá's mayor announced on 13 April that, since the city's ICU occupancy had risen to 75%, quarantine rules would be stricter than originally planned through 19 April and would also be in effect during the weekend of 23–26 April.[148]
On 16 April, the National Health Institute confirmed the detection of the Alpha variant of SARS-CoV-2, finding it in two out of the 637 virus genomes sequenced up to that date, which were confirmed to come from samples taken in the Caldas Department. That variant, still of non-predominant circulation in the country, is considered to be more transmissible than the original versions of the SARS-CoV-2 virus but no more lethal than those.[149] The next day, the Public Health Laboratory of Bogotá and the University of Los Andes confirmed the circulation of that variant as well as the Gamma one in the capital, finding six genomes corresponding to the Alpha variant and five genomes to the Gamma variant.[150]
Martha Ospina, director of the National Institute of Health (INS), gave several reasons for the April 2021 wave which by the end of the month already showed an increase in mortality. According to the official, people had relaxed their personal biosecurity habits and begun to gather again; many people, especially in Bogotá and Medellín, had never been infected and were thus more susceptible to infection; and extra risk was posed by new SARS-CoV-2 variants including B.1.111 (the second most common type in Colombia, which was a more infectious type) and recent detection of the Gamma (P.1) and Alpha (B.1.1.7) variants.[151]
May
By the second week of May, 96% of the ICU beds in Bogotá were full.[152] Mayor Claudia López warned that the hospital system was near collapse due to the occupancy rate. She identified Suba, Engativá, Kennedy, Bosa, and Barrios Unidos as the most contagious areas of the city at that time.[153] On 14 May, López confirmed she had tested positive for COVID-19 and appointed Bogotá's Health Secretary Alejandro Gómez as deputy District Mayor for the duration of her period of isolation.[154]
With nearly 15,000 confirmed deaths and over 500,000 new COVID-19 cases, May 2021 became the deadliest month of the pandemic in Colombia as the third wave that came from the Holy Week holidays in April was considered to have reached a plateau and extended into May with a daily average of 20,000 new cases and 500 deaths during that month. With ICU occupancy in the main cities around 95%, the Colombian Association of Emergency Specialists (Asociación Colombiana de Especialistas en Urgencias y Emergencias - ACEM) warned about shortages of oxygen, medicines and supplies for the care of critical patients. According to ACEM, emergency rooms were also under heavy pressure, with occupancy over 160%.[155]
The 2021 Colombian protests, which started on 28 April, were also believed to be a factor that could have influenced the steady increase of new cases in May, with the week between 10–16 May (two weeks after the first demonstrations) presenting 115,668 infections (6% increase from the previous week) and 3,446 deaths (9% increase). In the following two weeks, the number of new cases was 114,000 and 150,823, while deaths remained above 3,400 per week (3,424 and 3,558). According to experts such as PhD in Public Health Luis Jorge Hernández, the pandemic curve did not start going down in the second half of May for several reasons: the impact of crowding at demonstrations during the ongoing social unrest in the country, the circulation of variants of concern, the poor results of the testing and tracing strategy (Prass) and the increase of positivity levels which reached 30–40%, as well as the still low pace of the vaccination process.[156]
June
On 2 June, the Ministry of Health issued Resolution 777 by which criteria for the economic reactivation of the country were established. While self-care measures continued being encouraged as a general guideline, municipalities with ICU occupancy below 85% were authorized to open nightclubs and dance venues as well as holding mass events to 25% capacity. Moreover, municipalities with vaccination stage coverage above 70% would be able to increase capacity in events to 50% and could later move up to 75% depending on their epidemiological index scores. It was also announced that students will return to schools and universities once teachers receive their second vaccine dose, which was estimated to happen around 15 July according to the schedule of the national plan of vaccination, as well as the removal of the requirement of a negative PCR test to enter the country and the CoronApp application for domestic flights.[157]
July
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On the morning of 24 July President Iván Duque confirmed the detection of the Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2, in a patient in the city of Cali who had travelled to the United States and presented symptoms after returning to the country. The patient was confirmed positive for COVID-19 following a PCR test and was reported to be in isolation and in good health condition.[158]
August
By 10 August, the Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 was confirmed to have been detected in Bogotá as well as the departments of Valle del Cauca and Santander. Four cases were confirmed in the Colombian capital on 4 August while in Bucaramanga, capital city of the Santander Department, the city's Health Secretary confirmed another one the next day.[159] The Delta variant further extended to Antioquia, with four confirmed cases in Medellín, one in Segovia, and two in Envigado, as well as the Huila Department.[160][161]
On 30 August, the World Health Organization (WHO) named lineage B.1.621 Mu variant and designated it as a variant of interest (VOI).[162] Mu was first detected in Colombia in January 2021 and was also the most extended variant in the country, accounting for 39% of sequences identified and 53% of infections according to the National Health Institute (INS).[163][161]
September
October
On 26 October 2021, the WHO announced the launch of its Solidarity Vaccine Trial, cosponsored by the governments of Colombia, Mali and the Philippines. The two vaccine candidates in this trial are “a protein subunit vaccine from Medigen, and a DNA vaccine encoding the spike protein from Inovio.” More countries are expected to join the program.[164]
November
December
The first cases of the Omicron variant were reported by the government on 20 December. The carriers had recently traveled from the United States and Spain.[165] Over the next several days, new cases and active cases in Bogotá sharply increased, though the city had not yet officially confirmed an Omicron case.[166] Bogotá did not have tests that could detect Omicron.[167] Luis Ernesto Gómez, Bogotá's acting mayor while Mayor Claudia López had COVID for the second time,[166] said before Christmas that the public should assume and behave as if Omicron were already spreading in Bogotá.[168]
By 30 December, Omicron was officially confirmed to be circulating in Bogotá with 15 cases, and the Antioquia department with one case.[169] Moreover, Health Minister Fernando Ruiz stated that the country was entering a fourth wave of infections, with positive cases spiking in the four most important cities: Bogotá, Medellín, Cali, and Barranquilla.[170]
2022
January
By the start of the year, Omicron was already nearly the most common variant in the country.[171] It was officially confirmed as the dominant variant by Minister of Health Fernando Ruiz on 6 January, stating that Omicron accounted for 60% of Colombia's genomic surveilliance map by 2 January.[172]
On 28 January, the antiviral medication Molnupiravir was granted an emergency use authorization (EUA) by the National Institute for Food and Drug Surveillance (Invima) to treat those infected with COVID-19, under special conditions. According to Invima, the drug should be used for treatment of mild to moderate disease in patients with COVID-19 diagnosis confirmed by PCR or antigen test, as well as unvaccinated older adults who have not been previously infected by the virus but have at least one risk factor to develop severe COVID, such as obesity, heart conditions, chronic kidney disease or cancer. However, the use of Molnupiravir was not recommended for patients who require hospitalization, nor patients who begin treatment five days after the onset of symptoms. Likewise, it should not be used for longer than five days nor in patients who had previously presented the disease.[173]
Entry requirements
From 17 March to 1 September 2020, Colombia denied entry to those who were not Colombian citizens, permanent residents or diplomats.[174]
Land and river borders with four neighboring countries reopened on 19 May 2021, while those with Venezuela remained closed.[175][176]
Sea borders reopened on 1 December 2020.[177] Beginning 28 December 2021, all travelers over age 18 who enter Colombia from cruise ships, including Colombian nationals, must have a vaccination card showing at least one dose and a negative PCR test result issued within 72 hours before they boarded the cruise ship.[178]
To enter Colombia by air, from 30 September 2020 through 2 June 2021, travelers had to present a negative PCR test result issued within 96 hours before departure.[179] From 14 December 2021, travelers must show proof of full vaccination, or else present a negative PCR test result within 72 hours of boarding.[180]
Impact
Throughout 2020 and part of 2021, quarantines, curfews and other restrictions have been implemented at local levels. Within the capital city of Bogotá, for example, these were sometimes implemented in different sectors of the city at different times.[181]
Economy and employment
With the pandemic came Colombia's most severe economic recession in at least a century.[182] In April 2020, the inflation rate dropped to 0.16%, the lowest since 2013;[183] then, in May, the inflation rate went negative.[184] Colombia's gross domestic product ("producto interno bruto", or PIB) only grew 1.1% in the first trimester of 2020, in contrast to the 2.9% growth achieved in the first trimester of 2019.[185] For the second trimester of 2020, the country's GDP fell by 15.7% compared to the same period of 2019, which was reported as the greatest Colombian economic decline in recent history. The economic activities hit the hardest were: wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; transportation and storage; accommodation and food services (which decreased by 34.3% and contributed –6.6 percentage points to the annual variation); manufacturing industries (which decreased by 25.4% and contributed –3.1 percentage points to the annual variation); and construction (which decreased by 31.7% and contributed –2.1 percentage points to the annual variation). In total, for the first semester of 2020, the GDP decreased by 7.4% compared to the same period of the previous year.[186]
The monthly unemployment rate in Bogotá jumped from 13% in March to 21.6% in April.[187] By early May 2020, a quarter of Colombians aged 18–25 and a fifth of Colombians aged 26–40 had lost their jobs, according to a poll by McCann Worldgroup. Many others stated they had their working hours reduced or had to take a second job. A majority of Colombians (8 in 10) had less income than before the pandemic.[188] In July, unemployment was 20.2% nationally and 26.1% in Bogotá.[189]
As many college students dropped out, community colleges and trade schools lowered their tuition by about one-quarter on average in 2020.[190]
Banking
During the first six months of 2020, over 1.6 million Colombian adults opened a bank account for the first time, with the result that 85% of Colombian adults now have a bank account.[191] Grupo Aval had pushed for elderly people to open bank accounts, considering that they faced the highest risk of COVID-19; by mid-April 2020, the institution reported having opened bank accounts for 77,000 pensioners.[192]
Starting from 18 May 2020, the Financial Superintendence of Colombia issued guidelines on in-person customer service for banks and financial entities, ordering measures such as opening at least 85% of their branches, extending their opening hours to at least six hours a day from Monday to Friday and four hours if open on Saturdays, and establishing priority service hours for people over 60 or with special conditions.[193]
Air travel
While the city of Bogotá had received 12 million tourists in 2019, only a third as many came in 2020.[194] Similarly, comparing 2019 and 2020, the travel and tourism industry's contribution to the Colombian gross domestic product fell by half.[195]
On 13 March 2020, the government announced that it would close the border with Venezuela,[196] extending the closure to all land borders shortly afterwards.[197] With the start of the nationwide lockdown in late March, both domestic and international flights were shut down and only cargo and humanitarian flights were allowed to continue operating.[198]
On 10 May 2020 Avianca, the country's flagship airline as well as the second largest one in Latin America, announced that it had filed for bankruptcy protection in the United States due to the impact of the pandemic. The airline, having suspended all its passenger operations since late March due to the government's decision to close the country's airspace, had to ground 142 aircraft, send 12,000 out of its 20,000 employees on unpaid leave, and saw its income reduced by over 80 per cent.[199] In late May it was confirmed that LATAM Colombia, the country's second largest airline, had also filed for Chapter 11 along with its parent company and other subsidiaries.[200]
On 28 May 2020, the Colombian government through Transportation Minister Ángela María Orozco confirmed that international flights would remain barred until at least 31 August, but stated that they could likely resume in September.[56] Domestic flights and intermunicipal transport, however, were expected to resume in July.[201][202]
On 1 September 2020, 38 domestic flight routes between 16 airports and bus terminals in the main cities of the country resumed operation, although bus companies would not be able to travel to any cities on which the government may place restrictions for COVID-19 reasons. There were handwashing and temperature checks at the entrance of both airports and terminals, only travellers were allowed to enter, and waiting rooms required travelers to wear masks and refrain from eating.[203][204] On 4 September, it was confirmed that departments with infection rates below 1,000 per 100,000 inhabitants and whose main access route from other departments is by air, would request all travellers aged over 7 the result of the coronavirus test to allow entry. People who failed to present it or with a positive result would not be allowed to board the aircraft.[205]
International flights were authorized to resume with a pilot plan from Cartagena's Rafael Núñez International Airport to Fort Lauderdale and Miami starting from 19 September, with other international airports such as Bogotá, Medellín, and Cali gradually reopening starting from 21 September.[206] During the first stage of reactivation, only flights between Colombia and Brazil, Ecuador, Mexico, Guatemala, Bolivia, Dominican Republic, and the United States were operated, and starting from 30 September 2020 all passengers were required to present upon arrival a negative PCR test taken within 96 hours of the departure of the flight in order to enter the country.[207][208]
The spread of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 in early 2022 disrupted the operations of several airlines in the country, due to the cancellation of 138 flights during the first weekend of the year which affected 17,394 passengers. LATAM Colombia, which confirmed it had 18% of its crew and operational staff infected by Omicron, cancelled 53 flights scheduled between 8 and 16 January, whilst Avianca reported the early cancellation of several flights (mostly domestic) scheduled between 1 and 15 January which equalled to 4% of its total operation, and Viva Air Colombia rescheduled 4% of its flights.[209]
Urban transit
From 20 March 2020, urban mass transit systems were running at only 10–15% of their usual occupancy. As the economy reactivated, and government guidelines ordered vehicle occupation to be capped at a 35% maximum, passengers increased but ridership remained low. The operation of Transmetro in Barranquilla was suspended on the morning of 2 May 2020 until further notice as passengers were not abiding by social distancing instructions within the system and vehicles were overcrowded.[210] Transmetro resumed operation three days later with adjusted health protocols.[211]
By 11 May, vehicles in Bogotá, Cali, Medellín, Bucaramanga, and Pereira were being used to about one-quarter of their usual occupancy (using pre-quarantine levels in early March as a reference point), while in Barranquilla they operated with less than one-fifth of their usual occupancy, and in Cartagena vehicles had only 6% of their usual occupancy. As a result, in May it was estimated that Colombian mass transit systems would lose COP 1.8 trillion (US$450 million) by the end of 2020.[212]
Starting from 15 August, the operation of 21 routes of Cali's MIO was suspended, and 23 others had their hours of operation reduced to peak hours. This decision was made owing to the fact that the pandemic caused the mass transit system's demand to plummet to an average of 162,000 passengers per day, a 63% decrease from the average of 438,000 passengers per day mobilized in February, while revenue from ticket sales decreased by 60%, thus worsening the system's financial crisis.[213]
On 3 September, the Ministry of Health issued new guidelines on urban transit, intercity and individual travel. The Resolution 1537 of 2020 allowed urban mass transit systems to run at a 50% maximum occupancy and requested the implementation of measures to regulate access of passengers to stations, terminals, ticket booths, and vehicles, as well as the organization of lines that guarantee a two-metre separation between people, or as determined by the competent local authorities to prevent crowding. As for long-distance intercity travel, the protocol established that routes should be planned, identifying in advance the places where stops could be made every three hours to fill up fuel, make use of bathrooms, and verify that vehicles are equipped with enough basic personal hygiene products. The same resolution also allowed members of a same family group to mobilize in a same vehicle according to its maximum capacity, with mandatory use of face masks.[214]
Bogotá's automobile traffic control measure known as pico y placa, temporarily suspended on 20 March as it was deemed unnecessary during the quarantine, was set to resume on 22 September given that traffic congestion had returned with the lifting of the nationwide lockdown and restrictions on mobility.[215]
Only half as many trips were taken on urban public transit in 2020 as compared to the previous year, according to the results of a survey of eight metropolitan areas and 15 cities, released by DANE on 16 February 2021.[216] Bogotá's TransMilenio bus system was representative of this, with both ridership and revenue falling by half from 2019 to 2020.[217]
Restaurants and retail
Considering that the Mother's Day holiday is key for businesses such as restaurants and retail commerce, most of which were closed due to the national lockdown, the Colombian National Federation of Commerce (Fenalco) requested for the holiday to be moved to another date in the second semester of the year after the health emergency was over. In response to that request, Colombian Minister of Trade José Manuel Restrepo stated that the original date would stand, however, an extra holiday in the second semester of the year would be granted as well.[218]
The increase in food delivery and postal shipping increased demand for disposable materials like plastic and styrofoam. In May 2020, an opinion poll found that a majority in the cities of Bogotá, Medellín, Cali, and Barranquilla approved of the usage of plastic for these purposes. The poll also found that half of people under 25 years old reported they were using more plastic bags than they had used a year earlier and that only a quarter regretted this increase.[219]
The first of three "VAT-free days", approved by the Colombian government in late 2019, was held on 19 June 2020. The measure, aimed at helping economic recovery by jump-starting consumption and purchase of clothes, televisions and other consumer goods amid soaring unemployment and monthly economic contraction in the double digits, prompted citizens to flock to shopping centres to take advantage of bargains. There were long queues outside some stores and social media was flooded with images of people jostling to enter shops and hauling away TVs and other consumer goods. Most people seemed to be wearing masks but in many cases social distancing was non-existent, and some shops had to be closed. Minister of Trade José Manuel Restrepo stated that the day was an economic success, with sales across the country being five times higher than on a regular day during the pandemic and 30% higher compared to levels before the start of the lockdown. Online sales were also 18 times higher than on a regular day, with the websites of some stores struggling to cope with demand. President Iván Duque pointed out that most people had observed social distancing during the day, but also acknowledged that there were crowds in some places and citizen behaviour had not been good enough. The day was harshly criticized by local rulers such as mayor of Bogotá Claudia López, who dubbed it as "Covid Friday", citizens in social media, epidemiologists and health experts, who expressed concern over the realization of such a day in the midst of a pandemic and at a moment when the number of daily cases was increasing rapidly and the peak of the pandemic had not been reached yet. They also stated fears that one of the activity's future consequences would be the increase of the speed of transmission of coronavirus, thus damaging the effort made during the lockdown.[220][221] Two further VAT-free days were scheduled for 3 and 19 July, with the purchase of electric appliances and other tech devices such as televisions, computers and mobile phones being restricted to online sales for those days to discourage crowding in shops.[222] On 15 July, President Duque announced that the third VAT-free day scheduled for 19 July would be put off to a later date due to new measures to be issued together with local authorities as COVID-19 cases were spiking in the country.[223]
By early July, one-third of restaurants in Colombia had closed permanently, as they were generally unable to obtain long-term concessions from their landlords.[224] In March 2021, one year into the pandemic, Asobares, an industry group representing nightclubs, said that one-quarter of the 36,000 bars that had existed in Bogotá as of January 2020 had not renewed their licenses and that 60,000 jobs had been lost.[225]
Public order
According to a report by Human Rights Watch released in July 2020, rebel groups such as the ELN and dissenters of FARC as well as drug cartels have taken advantage of the isolation measures taken in the framework of the pandemic, as well as the absence of the Colombian state in some zones, to exercise social control measures in areas of various departments of the country. The report stated that armed groups were imposing rules to prevent the spread of COVID-19 in at least 11 of Colombia's 32 departments: Arauca, Bolívar, Caquetá, Cauca, Chocó, Córdoba, Guaviare, Huila, Nariño, Norte de Santander and Putumayo, which were reportedly stricter than the measures issued by the Colombian government, using or threatening to use violence to enforce their rules, and even punishing with death to those who failed to comply with them.[226][227]
In April 2020, Amnesty International warned about the situation of indigenous communities: "Indigenous Peoples in Colombia are on high alert. The government is implementing preventive measures for COVID-19 in the country without adequately guaranteeing their fundamental rights. Historically they have not had access to health, water or food and in the context of this pandemic this situation is much more serious because they do not have the sanitary and social conditions to deal adequately with COVID-19".[228]
Government responses
On 24 March 2020, President Iván Duque announced the introduction of a program named Ingreso Solidario intended to distribute government assistance during the health emergency to 3 million families that were either working in informality or not covered by other social welfare programs, for which people could apply online. Three payouts of approximately COP 160,000 (US$38.4) each were planned.[229] By the time the second payout was announced, 500,000 families had been accepted into the program.[230][231] On 24 June 2020, Duque announced the extension of the Ingreso Solidario program until December 2020,[232] and on 20 July 2020, at which point the program was serving 3 million families, he announced its further extension until June 2021.[233] Another program named Colombia Está Contigo and intended to deliver humanitarian assistance packages to recipients, specifically including transgender people, was created by the National Department for Disaster Risk Management (Departamento Nacional de Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres).[234]
Starting from 24 March 2020, the television show Prevención y acción (Prevention and Action) was broadcast daily from 6:00 to 7:00 p.m. with President Duque explaining to citizens the most recent updates on the pandemic in the country and the decisions made by the government to contain it. While the show recorded relatively high rating numbers during its first two months and has been considered by figures such as Pan American Health Organization Assistant Director Jarbas Barbosa as an example on how to inform and communicate updates on the situation to citizens, opposition politicians have considered it to be "an abusive use of the media by the President to make irrelevant announcements and permanent advertisement" and have requested for it to be shut down. As of 7 July 2020, the show had completed 100 broadcasts.[235] The daily presidential broadcast was suspended indefinitely starting from 4 May 2021, amid the 2021 Colombian protests.[236]
On 20 April 2020, the Colombian Congress began holding virtual sessions. Existing Congressional rules neither explicitly allowed nor forbade virtual sessions. It was the first time in Colombia's history that Congress had convened online.[237] The inauguration of the Congress's second ordinary session of the year, scheduled to be held on 20 July 2020, was confirmed to be virtual, accompanied by the Office of the Inspector General to ensure transparency in the election process of the new directives of the Senate.[238]
In late June 2020, the city of Bogotá announced the initiative #DonatónPorLosNiños to distribute donated computers to children in public schools to enable them to attend school online.[239] By the end of June 2020, nearly 500 computers and more than COP 76 million (approximately US$20,000) had been collected.[240]
The Department of Social Prosperity (Departamento de la Prosperidad Social) expected to have distributed COP 12.2 trillion (approximately US$3.2 billion) to millions of people through various social programs by the end of 2020.[241][242]
Vaccination
COVID-19 vaccination in Colombia began on 17 February 2021. The Colombian government confirmed that it had ordered enough doses, through COVAX and direct from manufacturers, to vaccinate 34 million people (70% of the country's population) with the hope of reaching herd immunity. As of 16 February 2022, 34,995,289 people have received their first dose of a two-dose vaccine and 26,946,872 of them also received the second dose, while 6,044,478 people have been vaccinated with single-dose vaccines, for a total of 32,991,350 fully vaccinated people. In addition to this, 7,547,291 people have received booster doses, for a total of 75,533,930 vaccine doses administered across the country.[243]
Charitable funds
Colombia Cuida a Colombia, which featured an online music festival on 1 May 2020, raised COP 1.9 billion (roughly half a million U.S. dollars) from 42,000 donors.[244]
In May 2020, Netflix donated US$500,000 (COP 1.994 billion) to assist over 1,500 technicians in the film industry who had lost their jobs. The fund was administrated by the Colombian Academy of Film Arts and Sciences (Academia Colombiana de Artes y Ciencias Cinematográficas - Acacc).[245]
From 6 to 9 May 2020, the Federación de Loterías de Colombia (Fedelco) raised funds for 10,000 lottery ticket vendors (loteros) who were unable to work during the national lockdown and the subsequent suspension of lotteries and gambling.[246]
In August 2020, businessman Luis Carlos Sarmiento donated 97 ventilators to the Health Ministry.[247]
Prisons
Outbreaks
By the end of April 2020, following increased testing efforts at the prison in Villavicencio, over 15% of prisoners there were diagnosed positive.[248] On 29 April, the number of positive cases at Villavicencio prison reached 314.[44] In early May, 7 percent of all confirmed cases in Colombia were in the central prison of Villavicencio.[249] By 3 June 89% of all cases in Meta (878 of 983) were at this prison.[250]
By 15 May 2020, the outbreak at La Picota prison in Bogotá had ended as INPEC confirmed that the five inmates there who had been diagnosed with the illness had all recovered,[251] but there were still active outbreaks at six of the country's 132 prisons.[252] Positive cases had been confirmed at prisons in Florencia, Ibagué, and Guaduas. In the prison in Leticia, in the Amazonas Department, there were 90 cases in two weeks.[253][44] Ternera prison in Cartagena reported its first case on 14 May.[254]
An outbreak at Villahermosa prison in Cali was confirmed to have emerged in early June 2020, with 18 people between prisoners, INPEC guards and police members having been confirmed as positive COVID-19 cases on 6 June.[255] This prompted Cali's Health Secretary to carry on mass screening and tests within the prison, which houses 5,643 prisoners and has an overcrowding of nearly 300%.[256] By 8 June, the number of infected people reached 119, while by 12 June 312 people at the prison were infected: 271 inmates and 41 officials, and one person died from the disease.[257]
Riots
On the evening of 21 March 2020, about 23 prisoners were killed and 83 injured during a riot at La Modelo prison in Bogotá which erupted amid fears over spreading of the coronavirus through prison walls.[258][259] Prisoners across the country were protesting against overcrowding in prisons as well as poor health services ever since the outbreak of COVID-19.[260]
On 4 May 2020, a brawl broke out at the municipal prison in San José del Guaviare, where it was discovered that inmates had used alcohol-based sanitizer to get drunk. The sanitizer had been donated to help prisoners keep their living spaces clean during the outbreak.[261]
Prisoner release
On 15 April 2020, the government issued a decree (which it had announced three weeks earlier) to allow 5,000 prisoners to return to their homes. The focus was on prisoners who were disabled, ill, over 60 years old, or new mothers (pregnant, nursing, or with children under age 3), and who had already served about half of their original brief sentence.[262] By 4 May 268 prisoners had been released under the terms of this decree. Moreover, thousands of other prisoners were released by ordinary mechanisms such as expiration of their sentences.[263] By mid-May, requests for release from over five hundred prisoners had been approved, while a thousand requests had been denied.[252]
Notable deaths
On the early morning of 26 January 2021, Minister of Defense of Colombia Carlos Holmes Trujillo died of complications related to COVID-19 at the age of 69 at the Central Military Hospital in Bogotá. Trujillo fell ill during a visit to Barranquilla in early January and was taken to a hospital, testing positive for COVID-19. He was transferred to Bogotá two days later and placed in an intensive care unit where he spent several days in an induced coma before his death.[264]
That same day, union leader Julio Roberto Gómez was also confirmed to have died of the disease after spending several weeks hospitalized. He had tested positive on 27 December.[265]
In the Caribbean region, several municipal rulers and officials passed away due to the disease. On the early morning of 21 August 2020, the mayor of Repelón, Atlántico Department Eduardo Polo Mendoza was confirmed to have died from COVID-19 at a hospital in Barranquilla where he had been admitted a few days before following complications in his health. Polo Mendoza, who had been fighting against the disease for some weeks, was also confirmed to have underlying pathologies such as hypertension which made his recovery harder.[266] Freddy Ramos Hernández, mayor of Tenerife (Magdalena), died in December 2020,[267] while Javier Cabarcas Pinedo, the health secretary of Soledad, Atlántico, died of COVID-19 on 9 April 2021.[268]
The department of Antioquia has also lost officials. First was Miguel Ángel Gómez, mayor of Tarazá, in September 2020. Second was Jhon Jairo Higuita, mayor of Urrao, in December 2020, whilst Juan Guillermo Bolívar, mayor of Titiribí, died in April 2021.[269]
Statistics
Current number of cases by department
- As of 31 October 2021[270]
| Department | Confirmed cases | Confirmed deaths | Recovered | Active cases |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 Bogotá D.C. | 1,455,114 | 27,664 | 1,422,067 | 1,633 |
 Antioquia | 756,618 | 16,330 | 735,345 | 2,923 |
 Valle del Cauca | 411,564 | 13,056 | 395,342 | 1,305 |
 Atlántico[lower-alpha 1] | 330,134 | 9,574 | 317,564 | 1,537 |
 Cundinamarca | 264,395 | 6,835 | 256,227 | 265 |
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Santander | 226,453 | 7,323 | 218,095 | 376 |
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Bolívar[lower-alpha 2] | 157,930 | 2,989 | 154,194 | 220 |
 Tolima | 107,579 | 3,667 | 103,156 | 271 |
 Boyacá | 105,710 | 2,563 | 102,470 | 204 |
 Córdoba | 104,158 | 3,769 | 99,648 | 196 |
 Caldas | 100,732 | 2,273 | 97,783 | 182 |
 Magdalena[lower-alpha 3] | 96,498 | 3,386 | 92,261 | 501 |
 Norte de Santander | 92,946 | 4,334 | 87,471 | 646 |
 Cesar | 89,870 | 2,508 | 86,687 | 304 |
 Nariño | 89,858 | 3,036 | 86,191 | 255 |
 Meta | 89,681 | 2,280 | 86,928 | 131 |
 Huila | 88,440 | 3,143 | 84,898 | 68 |
 Risaralda | 87,895 | 2,239 | 85,059 | 193 |
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Sucre | 59,251 | 1,630 | 57,276 | 118 |
 Quindío | 56,843 | 1,761 | 54,712 | 124 |
 Cauca | 56,189 | 1,567 | 54,051 | 239 |
 La Guajira | 43,242 | 1,356 | 41,514 | 260 |
 Casanare | 35,659 | 927 | 34,490 | 115 |
 Caquetá | 22,931 | 946 | 21,749 | 59 |
 Putumayo | 16,490 | 672 | 15,689 | 62 |
 Chocó | 16,425 | 401 | 15,929 | 4 |
 Arauca | 13,647 | 464 | 12,988 | 144 |
 San Andrés | 7,093 | 136 | 6,864 | 56 |
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Amazonas | 6,842 | 256 | 6,557 | 7 |
 Guaviare | 5,145 | 97 | 5,017 | 5 |
 Vichada | 2,956 | 53 | 2,894 | 4 |
 Guainía | 2,312 | 29 | 2,272 | 3 |
 Vaupés | 1,787 | 17 | 1,766 | 0 |
 Colombia | 5,002,387 | 127,281 | 4,845,554 | 12,789 |
Charts
Source: Official daily statistics published by the National Health Institute (INS) of Colombia.[271]
Total confirmed cases
Confirmed new cases per day
Confirmed deaths per day
Confirmed recoveries per day
See also
- COVID-19 pandemic by country
- COVID-19 pandemic in South America
- 2020 in Colombia
- 2021 in Colombia
References
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- ↑ "Colombia confirma su primer caso de COVID-19". minsalud.gov.co. Archived from the original on 9 March 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
- ↑ "Colombia enters fourth wave with Omicron and Delta". The City Paper Bogotá. 30 December 2021. Archived from the original on 30 December 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
- ↑ "El covid-19 fue la primera causa de muerte el año pasado". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 26 March 2021. Archived from the original on 27 March 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
- ↑ "Covid-19: la tragedia que está dejando dos muertos cada cinco minutos". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 20 June 2021. Archived from the original on 20 June 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
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{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - 1 2 "Crunching the numbers for coronavirus". Imperial News. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
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- ↑ "Colombia confirma su primer caso de COVID-19". minsalud.gov.co.
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- 1 2 @MinSaludCol (11 March 2020). "Confirmamos 6 nuevos casos de coronavirus COVID-19 en Colombia. Los pacientes se encuentran en Bogotá, Medellín y Cartagena. Con esto, el número de casos confirmados en el país asciende a 9 personas" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
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- ↑ "Tres nuevos casos de coronavirus: Bogotá, Palmira y Villavicencio". El Tiempo. 13 March 2020.
- ↑ "Duque ordena cerrar los pasos fronterizos con Venezuela". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 13 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
- ↑ Smith, Scott (13 March 2020). "Venezuela, already in crisis, reports 1st coronavirus cases". Associated Press. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
- ↑ "Colombia closes schools and universities in attempt to combat coronavirus". colombiareports.com. 16 March 2020.
- ↑ "Suben los casos de coronavirus en Colombia: ya son 54". 16 March 2020.
- ↑ "Colombia suma tres nuevos casos de coronavirus". 16 March 2020.
- ↑ "Duque ordena cerrar todas las fronteras terrestres y marítimas". 16 March 2020.
- ↑ "Toque de queda y ley seca en el Meta por alerta de coronavirus". 16 March 2020.
- ↑ "Córdoba, con toque de queda para evitar propagación del coronavirus". 16 March 2020.
- ↑ "Toque de queda en Santander por coronavirus". 16 March 2020.
- ↑ "Twitter – MinSaludCol".
- ↑ "Confirman 10 nuevos casos de covid-19 en Colombia: ya son 75 en total". 17 March 2020.
- ↑ "Alcaldía anuncia toque de queda en toda Cartagena". 17 March 2020.
- ↑ "Bogotá hará simulacro de aislamiento obligatorio". 17 March 2020.
- ↑ "A Muted Bogota Awakes to Coronavirus Quarantine Drill". U.S. News & World Report. 20 March 2020.
- ↑ "Duque ordena aislamiento obligatorio a mayores de 70 años". 17 March 2020.
- ↑ "Colombia to hold 19-day quarantine to fight coronavirus". Reuters. 20 March 2020.
- ↑ "Se confirma la primera muerte en Colombia por coronavirus" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. 21 March 2020.
- ↑ "MinSalud confirma segunda muerte por coronavirus en Colombia". La FM (in Spanish). 22 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
- ↑ "Demora en resultados del coronavirus por daño en máquina de prueba diagnóstica". KienyKe (in Spanish). 26 March 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
- ↑ "Colombia extends coronavirus quarantine by two weeks". Reuters. 6 April 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
- ↑ S, Tasha; oval (9 April 2020). "New quarantine policy in the capital: Pico y género". The Bogotá Post. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
- ↑ S, Tasha; oval (24 April 2020). "What's been the impact of Bogotá's pico y género?". The Bogotá Post. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
- ↑ Glade, Jim (9 April 2020). "Colombia's trapped informal workers raise literal red flags in desperate call for aid during country-wide quarantine". The Bogotá Post. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
- ↑ "HEALTH ALERT: COVID-19 UPDATE AND QUARANTINE REGULATIONS". U.S. Embassy in Colombia. 15 April 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
- 1 2 3 "COVID-19 en las cárceles: van 332 contagios y tres muertes" (in Spanish). El Espectador. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
- ↑ "Colombia extends coronavirus lockdown until May 11, but some sectors to reopen". Reuters. 20 April 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
- ↑ "Colombia extends COVID-19 lockdown by two weeks, allows additional sectors to start re-opening". Reuters. 5 May 2020.
- ↑ "Decretan alerta naranja en Kennedy, localidad más afectada por Covid -19 en Bogotá" (in Spanish). El Espectador. 8 May 2020. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
- ↑ "Actualización: Estas son las dos zonas con alerta naranja en Kennedy" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. 8 May 2020. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
- ↑ "Colombia llegó a 10.051 casos de contagiados con covid-19 y registró 428 muertes" (in Spanish). La República. 8 May 2020.
- ↑ "Día de la madre: con toques de queda y ley seca en estas ciudades" (in Spanish). Blu Radio. 8 May 2020.
- ↑ "¡Atención! Gobierno Nacional ordena cierre total del Amazonas" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. 14 May 2020.
- ↑ "De cuatro continentes, un regreso emocionado de 366 colombianos". El Tiempo. 17 May 2020. p. 1.
- ↑ "Colombia coronavirus quarantine extended until end of May". Reuters. 19 May 2020.
- ↑ "'Aislamiento preventivo se extiende hasta el 31 de mayo': Duque" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. 19 May 2020.
- ↑ "Coronavirus en Colombia: récord de infectados con 1.046 casos en un día" (in Spanish). Semana. 23 May 2020.
- 1 2 "Colombia extends national quarantine until July". Reuters. 28 May 2020.
- ↑ "Alcalde de Cali declarará la alerta naranja para atender la pandemia" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. 28 May 2020.
- ↑ "Cierre de Kennedy: ¿Cuánto durará la cuarentena total?" (in Spanish). AS Colombia. 31 May 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
- ↑ "Colombia supera los 1.000 muertos por el nuevo coronavirus" (in Spanish). Infobae. 2 June 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
- ↑ "Gobierno anunció que retorno gradual de los estudiantes comenzará el 1 de agosto" (in Spanish). La República. 3 June 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
- ↑ "Opiniones divididas por regreso a clases de colegios privados a partir del 1 de agosto" (in Spanish). Noticias RCN. 3 June 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
- ↑ "Asociaciones de colegios privados deciden no volver a clases este año" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. 16 June 2020.
- ↑ "Mapa de casos y muertes por coronavirus por departamentos en Colombia: hoy, 7 de junio" (in Spanish). AS Colombia. 7 June 2020.
- ↑ "Guaviare ya no es un departamento 'no COVID'" (in Spanish). Blu Radio. 7 June 2020.
- ↑ "Las siete medidas que aplican en Bogotá desde el martes" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. 16 June 2020.
- ↑ "Barranquilla, en alerta naranja por casos de COVID-19" (in Spanish). El Espectador. 16 June 2020.
- ↑ "La 'rebelión de las canas' interpone tutela contra el Gobierno" (in Spanish). El Heraldo. 16 June 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
- ↑ ""Nadie los está discriminando": Duque responde a la 'Rebelión de las Canas'" (in Spanish). Vanguardia. 16 June 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
- ↑ "Coronavirus en Colombia: récord de muertes con 111 en un día" (in Spanish). Semana. 21 June 2020.
- ↑ "Las cifras de la aceleración de la pandemia en el país" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. 21 June 2020.
- ↑ "Colombia extends coronavirus lockdown measures until July 15". Reuters. 23 June 2020.
- ↑ "Colombia supera los 100.000 casos de coronavirus" (in Spanish). Semana. 1 July 2020.
- ↑ "Juez falla a favor de promotores de la rebelión de las canas" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. 3 July 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
- ↑ "Duque anuncia que apelará el fallo que benefició a la 'rebelión de las canas'" (in Spanish). La FM. 3 July 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
- ↑ "Colombia coronavirus lockdown extended until Aug. 1". Reuters. 7 July 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
- ↑ "Gobierno autoriza plan piloto para vuelo entre Bucaramanga y Cúcuta" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. 7 July 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
- ↑ "El 21 de julio, piloto de transporte aéreo entre Cúcuta y Bucaramanga" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. 16 July 2020.
- ↑ "Empezarán a usar Ivermectina en tratamiento de pacientes covid en Cali, dice Ospina". El País (in Spanish). 9 July 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
- ↑ "Invima dio vía libre a estudio para aplicar la Ivermectina en el Valle" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. 13 July 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
- ↑ "Así será el ensayo clínico con ivermectina para el covid-19 en Cali" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. 15 July 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
- ↑ "Estas son las reglas de la nueva cuarentena por localidades en Bogotá" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. 10 July 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
- ↑ "¡Atención!: cuarentena estricta el fin de semana en el valle de Aburrá" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. 14 July 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
- ↑ "Daniel Quintero, alcalde de Medellín, tiene coronavirus" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. 28 July 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
- ↑ "Las capitales con cifras en 'rojo' por ocupación de camas de UCI" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. 16 July 2020.
- ↑ "Colombia firmó acuerdos de confidencialidad para obtener vacuna contra covid-19". El País (in Spanish). 28 July 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
- ↑ "Nuevo récord diario de coronavirus en Colombia; confirman 10.284 contagios" (in Spanish). La FM. 28 July 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
- ↑ "Colombia coronavirus quarantine to be extended until Aug 30". Reuters. 28 July 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
- ↑ "Expresidente Álvaro Uribe es paciente asintomático de coronavirus" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. 5 August 2020.
- ↑ "Gobierno autorizó vuelos piloto desde seis aeropuertos del país" (in Spanish). Radio Nacional de Colombia. 11 August 2020. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ↑ "Reapertura de aeropuertos en Colombia: ¿quiénes y a dónde pueden viajar?" (in Spanish). Radio Nacional de Colombia. 13 August 2020. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ↑ "Caquetá, aislado y con plan candado por COVID-19" (in Spanish). El Espectador. 12 August 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
- ↑ "Más de un millón de personas, en cuarentena estricta desde el domingo" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. 14 August 2020.
- ↑ "Algunos ciudadanos protestan: 'No más cuarentena por localidades'" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. 14 August 2020.
- ↑ "Brote de COVID-19: 74 adultos mayores se contagiaron con coronavirus en Manizales" (in Spanish). Blu Radio. 20 August 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
- ↑ "El 1º de septiembre termina cuarentena y empieza aislamiento selectivo" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. 24 August 2020.
- ↑ "Probarán en voluntarios colombianos vacuna experimental para covid-19" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. 24 August 2020.
- ↑ "¿Qué pasará con los parques de diversiones en Bogotá?". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 31 August 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
- ↑ "Murió por covid-19 hombre que llegó en vuelo desde Bogotá a Cartagena" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. 8 September 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
- ↑ "Fuerte caída en casos nuevos de contagio de coronavirus en Colombia" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. 8 September 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
- ↑ "Colombia tras seis meses de covid-19" (in Spanish). Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social. 10 September 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
- ↑ "Coronavirus Colombia: ¿por qué ha disminuido la realización de pruebas COVID-19 en Colombia?" (in Spanish). AS Colombia. 19 September 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
- ↑ "Se acaba pico y cédula en Bogotá; restaurantes no tendrán restricción para abrir" (in Spanish). Blu Radio. 21 September 2020.
- ↑ "Duque anunció extensión del aislamiento selectivo hasta octubre". El País (in Spanish). 28 September 2020. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
- ↑ "¡Alerta en el aeropuerto! Investigan cómo tres viajeros positivos para Covid-19 ingresaron a Colombia" (in Spanish). Infobae. 2 October 2020. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
- 1 2 "Investigan a aerolineas en Colombia por embarque de pasajeros con Covid y concierto en las alturas" (in Spanish). Infobae. 6 October 2020. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
- ↑ "En Floridablanca inició aplicación de ensayos de la vacuna covid-19" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. 7 October 2020. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
- ↑ "Johnson & Johnson pausa ensayo de vacuna que prueba en Colombia" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. 12 October 2020. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
- ↑ "Attacks on medical teams surge in coronavirus-hit Colombia". The Straits Times. 20 October 2020.
- ↑ "Las tres razones del Gobierno para suspender fiestas de Halloween" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. 21 October 2020. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
- ↑ "¡Ojo! Estos son los lugares del país con toque de queda en Halloween" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. 30 October 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
- ↑ "Colombia vice-president tests positive for coronavirus". Reuters. 23 October 2020.
- ↑ "Colombia reaches 1 million confirmed coronavirus cases". ABC News. 24 October 2020.
- ↑ "Colombia superó el millón de casos de covid-19; ya hay 30.000 muertes" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. 24 October 2020.
- ↑ "Aislamiento selectivo se extenderá hasta el 30 de noviembre: Duque" (in Spanish). El Colombiano. 28 October 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
- ↑ Unidad de Salud (25 December 2020). "Solo la mitad de los colombianos se pondría la vacuna contra covid-19". El Tiempo (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 December 2020.
- ↑ "La emergencia sanitaria se extenderá por 90 días hasta el 28 de febrero de 2021". La República (in Spanish). 25 November 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ↑ "¿Qué dejan los primeros resultados del estudio de seroprevalencia?". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 28 November 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ↑ "Por covid-19, murió el exsenador Juan José García Romero". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 2 December 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Colombia asegura 40 millones de vacunas contra la covid-19". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 19 December 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ↑ "¿Cuándo podrá vacunarse? Conozca las fases y quiénes tendrán prioridad". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 19 December 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ↑ "Más de 4,6 millones de personas en Colombia ya tuvieron covid-19". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 21 December 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ↑ "Ampliación de UCI se cumplió en la mayoría de las regiones". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 18 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Toque de queda en el Quindío por aumento en ocupación UCI". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 13 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Lo que debe saber del toque de queda nocturno que inicia hoy en Bogotá". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 18 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Colombia recibirá vacunas contra covid-19 en febrero". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 21 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
- ↑ "'Colombia está en grupo de elegibles que recibirá vacuna en febrero'". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 20 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
- ↑ "Covid: con un promedio diario de 156, el país suma 50.000 muertes". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 21 January 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
- ↑ "Colombia supera los 2 millones de contagios por covid-19, este sábado 23 enero: muertes diarias siguen al borde de las 400". Infobae (in Spanish). 23 January 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
- ↑ "México, el segundo peor país en ranking de 98 naciones en manejo de la pandemia" (in Spanish). Proceso. 28 January 2021. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
- ↑ "Gobierno definió fecha de inicio de vacunación y compra de más dosis" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. 29 January 2021.
- ↑ "Colombia identifica por primera vez variante brasilera del Sars-CoV-2" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. 30 January 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
- ↑ "Se suspenden los vuelos hacia Leticia durante 15 días" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. 29 January 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
- ↑ "Se suspenden los vuelos desde y hacia Brasil por 30 días" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. 27 January 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
- ↑ Reuters Staff (13 March 2021). "Colombia reports first death from Brazilian COVID variant". Reuters. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "'Bogotá a cielo abierto' se vuelve permanente". El Tiempo. 11 February 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Gobierno enviará vuelos humanitarios para turistas varados en Leticia, pero con costo" (in Spanish). Infobae. 13 February 2021.
- ↑ "Llegaron a Colombia las primeras 50.000 dosis de vacunas contra covid-19" (in Spanish). Infobae. 15 February 2021.
- ↑ "Enfermera de Sincelejo recibirá la primera vacuna en Colombia" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. 15 February 2021.
- ↑ "¡Empezó la vacunación! Verónica Machado recibió la primera dosis". El Tiempo. 17 February 2021.
- ↑ "Enviarán 45.000 vacunas chinas al Amazonas y a la frontera con Brasil". El Tiempo. 19 February 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
- ↑ "La emergencia sanitaria en Colombia se prolongará tres meses más". Portafolio. 25 February 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
- ↑ "Expertos piden acelerar el Plan Nacional de Vacunación". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 3 March 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
- ↑ "El abecé de las nuevas medidas para frenar un tercer pico del covid-19". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 23 March 2021. Archived from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
- ↑ "Las 7 medidas claves que regirán en el país del 5 al 19 de abril". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 5 April 2021.
- ↑ "Colombia to extend COVID restrictions as cases rise". Reuters. 4 April 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
- ↑ "Así funcionan las restricciones en las principales ciudades del país". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 5 April 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "'Covid-fiesta' con 200 personas en discoteca de Cali en cuarentena". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 11 April 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
- ↑ "Una a una, estas son las restricciones que tendrá Bogotá". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 13 April 2021. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
- ↑ "Confirman presencia de la variante británica del Sars-CoV-2 en el país" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. 17 April 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
- ↑ "Variante británica del Sars-CoV-2 ya circula en Bogotá" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. 17 April 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
- ↑ "Las razones detrás de la mortalidad sin precedentes en el tercer pico". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 27 April 2021. Archived from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
- ↑ "'Situación de Bogotá por ocupación de camas UCI es crítica': Minsalud". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 11 May 2021. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
- ↑ "Claudia López: 'Este ha sido el pico más agresivo de la pandemia'". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 11 May 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
- ↑ "La alcaldesa de Bogotá, Claudia López, confirmó que tiene covid-19". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 14 May 2021.
- ↑ "Mayo, el mes más mortal para Colombia por el coronavirus". Portafolio (in Spanish). 31 May 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
- ↑ "El impacto de aglomeraciones del paro en la situación de la pandemia". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 3 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
- ↑ "Estos son los criterios y condiciones para la reactivación económica en Colombia, según la resolución 777 de MinSalud". Infobae (in Spanish). 2 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
- ↑ "Confirman presencia de variante Delta del covid-19 en Cali, primer registro en el país". El País (in Spanish). 2 June 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
- ↑ "Ciudades donde se ha confirmado la variante delta en Colombia". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 10 August 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
- ↑ "Ya hay siete casos de la variante delta en Antioquia". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 20 August 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
- 1 2 "INS asegura que variante Delta aún no es dominante en el país". La FM (in Spanish). 26 August 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
- ↑ "Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants". World Health Organization. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
- ↑ "Mu COVID variant: All you need to know about the new UK coronavirus strain". BBC Science Focus Magazine. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
- ↑ "WHO Statement on Solidarity Trial Vaccines". www.who.int. 26 October 2021. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
- ↑ Reuters (21 December 2021). "Colombia detects three cases of Omicron, government says". Reuters. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
- 1 2 Emblin, Richard (26 December 2021). "Bogotá to double home medical care with Omicron case increases". The City Paper Bogotá. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
- ↑ "Estas son las medidas que se tomarán por la llegada de la variante ómicron a Bogotá". infobae (in European Spanish). 26 December 2021. Archived from the original on 26 December 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
- ↑ "Variante ómicron: Las precauciones que está tomando Bogotá". Caracol Radio (in Spanish). 24 December 2021. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
- ↑ "Bogotá y Antioquia confirmaron primeros casos de variante ómicron" (in Spanish). Valora Analitik. 30 December 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
- ↑ "Colombia estaría entrando en nuevo pico de COVID-19 por variante ómicron" (in Spanish). Caracol Radio. 29 December 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
- ↑ "Todos los colombianos estarían en riesgo de infectarse por ómicron". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 1 January 2022. Archived from the original on 2 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
- ↑ "Ómicron es la variante dominante en Colombia, según Minsalud" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. 6 January 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
- ↑ "El Invima otorgó aval de uso a la píldora molnupiravir de Merck para tratar el covid" (in Spanish). La República. 28 January 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
- ↑ "Coronavirus: Which countries have travel bans?". CNN. 17 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- ↑ "Colombia extends closure of river, land borders until June 1". Reuters. 27 February 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
- ↑ "Colombia Opens Land, Water Borders With Neighbors, Except Venezuela". U.S. News & World Report. 19 May 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
- ↑ "COLOMBIA TRAVEL RESTRICTIONS". Travelbans. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
- ↑ "Health Alert: New Vaccination/Testing Requirements to Enter Colombia by Sea". U.S. Embassy in Colombia. 3 January 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
- ↑ "Colombia ya no pedirá prueba PCR a viajeros nacionales y extranjeros". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 2 June 2021. Archived from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
- ↑ "Health Alert: New COVID-19 Entry Requirements, Colombia". U.S. Embassy in Colombia. 10 December 2021. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
- ↑ "¿Cómo han impactado a Bogotá seis meses de cuarentenas?". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 31 January 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ Ahmed, Azam; Kurmanaev, Anatoly; Politi, Daniel; Londoño, Ernesto (23 June 2020). "Virus Gains Steam Across Latin America". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
- ↑ "Inflación de 0,16% en abril, la más baja desde el 2013". El Tiempo. 6 May 2020. p. 1.7.
- ↑ "Costo de vida en Colombia tuvo variación anual de 2,85 % en mayo". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 5 June 2020. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
- ↑ El Tiempo, Casa Editorial (15 May 2020). "Por la pandemia, la economía perdió el 73 % del impulso que traía". El Tiempo (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 May 2020.
- ↑ "Economía colombiana se desplomó 15,7 % por cuenta de la pandemia". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 14 August 2020. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ↑ "Cuántos empleos se han perdido en Bogotá y cómo recuperarlos". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 20 June 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
- ↑ "62% de colombianos creen que empresas deben dar prioridad a empleados". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 7 May 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
- ↑ "En Bogotá, desempleados aumentaron más del doble que en todo el país". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 31 August 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
- ↑ "Los precios a la baja que le deja al país la pandemia del covid-19". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 17 May 2021. Archived from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
- ↑ "¿Por qué se disparó la bancarización en Colombia?". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 15 October 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
- ↑ "Más de un millón 300 mil beneficiados con medidas del Grupo Aval". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 18 April 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
- ↑ "Así será la atención al público en los bancos a partir de este lunes". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 17 May 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
- ↑ "La pandemia frenó la época dorada del turismo en Bogotá". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 29 March 2021. Archived from the original on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
- ↑ "Por pandemia, turismo dejó de aportar US $ 4,7 billones al PIB global". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 29 March 2021. Archived from the original on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
- ↑ Grattan, Steven (14 March 2020). "Fear as Colombia closes border with Venezuela over coronavirus". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
- ↑ "Coronavirus Travel Restrictions, Across the Globe". The New York Times. 8 May 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
- ↑ "Gobierno garantizará transporte aéreo de carga durante la cuarentena". Semana (in Spanish). 25 March 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
- ↑ "Colombian Airline Avianca Files for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy in US". Voice of America. 10 May 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
- ↑ "Los retos del sector aéreo colombiano con Avianca y Latam en Capítulo 11". La República (in Spanish). 27 May 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
- ↑ "Domestic Flights Resume in Colombia Starting in July". Medellin Guru. 13 June 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
- ↑ "¿Cómo es la 'reiniciada' de los aviones?". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 3 July 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
- ↑ "Así va la reapertura de la Terminal de Transportes de Bogotá". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 1 September 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
- ↑ "En 16 aeropuertos y 38 rutas volvieron a despegar los aviones". El Heraldo (in Spanish). 1 September 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
- ↑ "Lo que debe saber de los nuevos protocolos para vuelos en Colombia". Noticias RCN (in Spanish). 4 September 2020.
- ↑ "Colombia to restart international flights from Cartagena on Sept. 19". Yahoo! Finance. 16 September 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
- ↑ "Coronavirus en América Latina: a qué países se puede volar y cómo". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 17 September 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
- ↑ "Colombia reopens int'l flights amid COVID-19". Xinhua News Agency. 20 September 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
- ↑ "Por Ómicron se cancelan 138 vuelos y más de 17 mil pasajeros afectados" (in Spanish). Caracol Radio. 10 January 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
- ↑ "Transmetro quedó suspendido hasta nueva orden: Pumarejo" (in Spanish). El Heraldo. 2 May 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
- ↑ "Transmetro reanudará operación luego de tres días de suspensión del servicio" (in Spanish). RCN Radio. 4 May 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
- ↑ "La crisis de los sistemas de transporte masivo por la disminución en ingresos". Semana (in Spanish). 16 May 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
- ↑ "Crisis por pandemia del COVID-19 condujo a la suspensión de 21 rutas del MIO en Cali: vea cuáles son" (in Spanish). Noticias Caracol. 11 August 2020. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ↑ "MinSalud amplió al 50% la ocupación máxima en transporte masivo". Radio Nacional (in Spanish). 3 September 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
- ↑ "Nuevo 'pico y placa' en Bogotá iría de lunes a sábado". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 18 September 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
- ↑ "Viajes en transporte urbano se redujeron a la mitad en el 2020". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 16 February 2021. Archived from the original on 17 February 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
- ↑ "El billonario déficit que abrió la pandemia en TransMilenio y el SITP". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 11 April 2021. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
- ↑ "Este año habrá celebración del Día de la Madre en dos fechas" (in Spanish). Caracol Radio. 2 May 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
- ↑ "Los jóvenes sienten menos culpa por usar más plástico, según estudio". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 10 June 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
- ↑ "Colombia urged to rethink tax-free day after 'Covid Friday'". Financial Times. 20 June 2020.
- ↑ "Día sin IVA en Colombia: cómo fue la jornada que sacó a la gente a la calle tras un récord de contagios de coronavirus". BBC Mundo (in Spanish). 19 June 2020.
- ↑ "Día sin IVA: venta de electrodomésticos y tecnología solo será virtual". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 30 June 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
- ↑ "Presidente Duque aplaza el tercer día sin IVA". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 15 July 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
- ↑ "Restaurantes colombianos lanzan SOS para que covid-19 no los acabe". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 5 July 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
- ↑ "'Más de 60.000 empleos se han perdido': Asobares". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 10 March 2021. Archived from the original on 11 March 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
- ↑ "Colombian cartels killing those who don't obey their Covid-19 lockdowns". The Guardian. 15 July 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
- ↑ "Las brutales medidas contra el covid-19 que imponen Eln y disidencias". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 15 July 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
- ↑ "Colombia: Indigenous Peoples will die from COVID-19 or from hunger if the state does not act immediately" (in Spanish). Amnesty International. 17 April 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
- ↑ "Presidente Duque anuncia ingreso solidario para 3 millones de familias colombianas que no están cubiertas por programas sociales". Presidencia de la República (in Spanish). 24 March 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
- ↑ "Ingreso Solidario". Ingreso Solidario. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
- ↑ "Se amplía monto de Ingreso Solidario". El Tiempo. 6 May 2020. p. 1.2.
- ↑ "Programa 'Ingreso solidario' se extenderá hasta diciembre de 2020, anunció Duque". El País (in Spanish). 24 June 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
- ↑ "Gobierno extiende programa de Ingreso Solidario hasta junio de 2021". Dinero (in Spanish). 20 July 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2020.
- ↑ "Ayudas para personas transgénero en Bogotá". El Tiempo. 7 May 2020. p. 1.4.
- ↑ "¿Qué pasará con Prevención y acción, el programa del presidente Duque?". La FM (in Spanish). 7 July 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
- ↑ "Programa de Duque 'Prevención y Acción' no seguirá al aire hasta nueva orden". RCN Radio (in Spanish). 6 May 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
- ↑ "Sorpresivamente, Petro se une a primera sesión virtual del Senado". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 13 April 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
- ↑ "Confirmado: elección del presidente del Congreso será virtual". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 16 July 2020.
- ↑ "Abecé de lo que debe saber de la #DonatónPorLosNiños". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 29 June 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
- ↑ "Cómo Vamos". Donatón por los Niños. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
- ↑ "Hogares vulnerables han recibido más de $7,8 billones durante la pandemia". Dinero (in Spanish). 2 October 2020. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
- ↑ "Hogares de bajos recursos han recibido $7,8 billones durante pandemia". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 15 October 2020. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
- ↑ "Vacunación contra COVID-19". Ministry of Health of Colombia. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
- ↑ "Colombia Cuida a Colombia". Colombia Cuida a Colombia. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
- ↑ "Lanzan fondo para apoyar a la industria audiovisual en Colombia". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 5 May 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
- ↑ "'Donatón' para 10 mil loteros necesitados". El Tiempo. 6 May 2020. p. 1.6.
- ↑ "Nueva donación de ventiladores para atender la pandemia". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 15 August 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
- ↑ "Más del 15% de los presos en Villavicencio tienen coronavirus". El Tiempo. 30 April 2020. p. 1.3.
- ↑ El Tiempo, Casa Editorial (13 May 2020). "La cárcel de Villavicencio es el infierno del coronavirus". El Tiempo (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 May 2020.
- ↑ "Reinician toma de pruebas de covid-19 en la cárcel de Villavicencio". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 12 June 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
- ↑ "Cárcel La Picota está libre de coronavirus" (in Spanish). Semana. 15 May 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
- 1 2 "Era natural que contagios masivos en las cárceles ocurrieran: Ministra". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 17 May 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
- ↑ "Cárcel de Leticia: un "clúster" de COVID-19 sin soluciones a la vista" (in Spanish). El Espectador. 15 May 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
- ↑ "Confirman primer caso de covid-19 en cárcel de Cartagena". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 14 May 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
- ↑ "Aumentaron a 18 los contagios en la cárcel Villahermosa de Cali". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 6 June 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
- ↑ "¿Cómo entró el coronavirus a una cárcel en cuarentena como la de Cali?". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 10 June 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
- ↑ "Recluso de la Cárcel Villahermosa con covid-19 falleció este viernes, ahora hay 312 positivos". El País (in Spanish). 12 June 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
- ↑ "Colombia coronavirus: 23 killed in prison riot". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
- ↑ Vera, Amir. "23 dead in prison riot in Colombia prompted by coronavirus fears, Ministry of Justice says". CNN. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
- ↑ BBC (23 March 2020). "At least 23 killed in Colombia prison unrest". BBC News. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
- ↑ "Presos en el Guaviare se tomaron el alcohol que les dieron en un kit de desinfección" (in Spanish). El Espectador. 11 May 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
- ↑ "Este es el decreto de Minjusticia para excarcelación de presos". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 14 April 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
- ↑ Redacción Justicia (5 May 2020). "El hacinamiento carcelario se redujo 5,59 por ciento en abril". El Tiempo (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 May 2020.
- ↑ "Colombia's Defense Minister Carlos Holmes Trujillo dies from Covid at age 69". NBC News. 26 January 2021.
- ↑ "Falleció Julio Roberto Gómez de la CGT tras luchar varias semanas contra el covid-19". La República (in Spanish). 26 January 2021.
- ↑ "Falleció por covid-19 Eduardo Polo Mendoza, alcalde de Repelón" (in Spanish). Semana. 21 August 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
- ↑ "Murió Freddy Ramos Hernández, alcalde de Tenerife, Magdalena". Semana (in Spanish). 29 December 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
- ↑ "Murió el secretario de Salud de Soledad por covid-19". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 10 April 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
- ↑ "Muere el alcalde de Titiribí, Antioquia, por covid-19". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 27 April 2021. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
- ↑ "COVID-19 en Colombia" (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Salud. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
- ↑ "COVID-19 en Colombia" (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Salud. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
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