Emergence delirium

Emergence delirium
Other namesAgitated emergence, emergence agitation, emergence excitement, postanesthetic excitement
SpecialtyAnesthesia
SymptomsAuditory and Visual Hallucinations; uncontrollable screaming, crying, panic attacks; and uncontrollable body movements
Usual onsetranges from immediately on awakening to weeks later
Durationfew minutes to months

Emergence delirium is a condition in which emergence from general anesthesia is accompanied by psychomotor agitation. Some see a relation to pavor nocturnus[1] while others see a relation to the excitement stage of anesthesia.

Children

The pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium scale may be used to measure the severity of this condition in children.[2]

Elderly

Elderly people are more likely to experience confusion or problems with thinking following surgery, which can occur up to several days postoperatively. These cognitive problems can last for weeks or months, and can affect the patients’ ability to plan, focus, remember, or undertake activities of daily living. a review of Intravenous versus inhalational maintenance of anaesthesia for postoperative cognitive outcomes in elderly people undergoing non-cardiac surgery showed little or no difference in postoperative delirium according to the type of anaesthetic maintenance agents from five studies (321 participants). The authors of this review were uncertain whether maintenance of anaesthesia with propofol-based total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) or with inhalational agents can affect incidences of postoperative delirium.[3]

Epidemiology

The overall incidence of emergence delirium is 5.3%, with a significantly greater incidence (12–13%) in children. The incidence of emergence delirium after halothane, isoflurane, sevoflurane or desflurane ranges from 2–55%.[4] Most emergence delirium in the literature describes agitated emergence. Unless a delirium detection tool is used, it is difficult to distinguish if the agitated emergence from anesthesia was from delirium or pain or fear, etc. A research study of 400 adult patients emerging from general anesthesia in the PACU were assessed for delirium using the Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU (CAM-ICU) found rates of emergence delirium of 31% at PACU admission with rates declining to 8% by 1 hour.[5]

References

  1. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). www.asa2012.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  2. ↑ Sikich, N; Lerman, J (2004). "Development and psychometric evaluation of the pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium scale". Anesthesiology. 100 (5): 1138–45. doi:10.1097/00000542-200405000-00015. PMID 15114210.
  3. ↑ Miller, David; Lewis, Sharon R; Pritchard, Michael W; Schofield-Robinson, Oliver J; Shelton, Cliff L; Alderson, Phil; Smith, Andrew F (21 August 2018). "Intravenous versus inhalational maintenance of anaesthesia for postoperative cognitive outcomes in elderly people undergoing non‐cardiac surgery". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018 (8): CD012317. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012317.pub2. PMC 6513211. PMID 30129968.
  4. ↑ Mason, LJ (2004). "Pitfalls of Pediatric Anesthesia: Emergence Delirium" (PDF). Richmond, Virginia: Society for Pediatric Anestheisa. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-27. Retrieved 2012-06-21.
  5. ↑ E. Card, P. Pandharipande, C. Tomes, C. Lee, J. Wood, D. Nelson, A. Graves, A. Shintani, E. W. Ely and C. Hughes (2014) Emergence from general anaesthesia and evolution of delirium signs in the post-anaesthesia care unit. Br. J. Anaesth. (2014) doi: 10.1093/bja/aeu442 First published online: December 23, 2014

Further reading

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