Endocardial cushions

Endocardial cushions
Interior of dorsal half of heart from a human embryo of about thirty days.
Details
Carnegie stage14
Days27
PrecursorLateral plate mesoderm[1]
Gives rise toSeptum intermedium
Identifiers
LatinTubera endocardiaca atrioventricularia
MeSHD054089
TEcushions_by_E5.11.1.6.0.0.4 E5.11.1.6.0.0.4
Anatomical terminology

Endocardial cushions, or atrioventricular cushions, refer to a subset of cells in the development of the heart that play a vital role in the proper formation of the heart septa.

They develop on the atrioventricular canal[2] and conotruncal region of the bulbus cordis.[3]

During heart development, the heart starts out as a tube. As heart development continues, this tube undergoes remodeling to eventually form the four-chambered heart. The endocardial cushions are a subset of cells found in the developing heart tube that will give rise to the heart's primitive valves and septa, critical to the proper formation of a four-chambered heart.[4]

Development

The endocardial cushions are thought to arise from a subset of endothelial cells that undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition, a process whereby these cells break cell-to-cell contacts and migrate into the cardiac jelly (towards the interior of the heart tube). These migrated cells form the "swellings" called the endocardial cushions seen in the heart tube.

Upon sectioning of the heart the atrioventricular endocardial cushions can be observed in the lumen of the atrial canal as two thickenings, one on its dorsal and another on its ventral wall. These thickenings will go on to fuse and remodel to eventually form the valves and septa of the mature adult heart.

Clinical significance

A problem in endocardial cushion development or remodeling is thought to be associated with atrioventricular septal defect.

See also

References

Public domain This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 512 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

  1. ↑ Maschhoff KL, Baldwin HS (2000). "Molecular determinants of neural crest migration". Am. J. Med. Genet. 97 (4): 280–8. doi:10.1002/1096-8628(200024)97:4<280::AID-AJMG1278>3.0.CO;2-N. PMID 11376439.
  2. ↑ "endocardial cushions" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
  3. ↑ Sadler, T. W. (Thomas W.) (2004). Langman's medical embryology. Langman, Jan. (9th ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-4310-9. OCLC 51258190.
  4. ↑ Carlson, Bruce M. (2014-01-01), "Development of the Heart", Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences, Elsevier, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.05460-x, ISBN 978-0-12-801238-3, retrieved 2020-12-05
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