List of paraphilias

Paraphilia
SpecialtyPsychiatry

Paraphilias are sexual interests in objects, situations, or individuals that are atypical. The American Psychiatric Association, in its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fifth Edition (DSM), draws a distinction between paraphilias (which it describes as atypical sexual interests) and paraphilic disorders (which additionally require the experience of distress or impairment in functioning).[1][2] Some paraphilias have more than one term to describe them, and some terms overlap with others. Paraphilias without DSM codes listed come under DSM 302.9, "Paraphilia NOS (Not Otherwise Specified)".

In his 2008 book on sexual pathologies, Anil Aggrawal compiled a list of 547 terms describing paraphilic sexual interests. He cautioned, however, that "not all these paraphilias have necessarily been seen in clinical setups. This may not be because they do not exist, but because they are so innocuous they are never brought to the notice of clinicians or dismissed by them. Like allergies, sexual arousal may occur from anything under the sun, including the sun."[3]

Most of the following names for paraphilias, constructed in the nineteenth and especially twentieth centuries from Greek and Latin roots (see List of medical roots, suffixes and prefixes), are used in medical contexts only.

Paraphilias

A

Paraphilia Focus of erotic interest
Abasiophilia People with impaired mobility[4]
Acrotomophilia People with amputations[5][6]
Agalmatophilia Statues, mannequins and immobility[7]
Algolagnia Pain, particularly involving an erogenous zone; differs from masochism as there is a biologically different interpretation of the intense sensation rather than a subjective interpretation[8]
Andromimetophilia Trans men[4][9]
Anililagnia Attraction by young men to older women[10]
Anthropophagolagnia Raping and then cannibalizing another person[11]
Anthropophagy Ingesting human flesh[11]
Apotemnophilia Being an amputee[5][12]
Asphyxiophilia Being asphyxiated or strangled[5]
Attraction to disability People with one or more physical disabilities.[13]
Autagonistophilia Being on stage or on camera[14][15]
Autassassinophilia Being in life-threatening situations[5]
Autoerotic asphyxiation Self-induced asphyxiation, sometimes to the point of near unconsciousness[15]
Autogynephilia Sexual arousal of a biological male in response to the image of themselves as female.[16]
Autoandrophilia Sexual arousal of a biological female in response to the image of themselves as male.[17]
Auto-haemofetishism Bleeding oneself (does not involve ingestion of blood). Type of autovampirism.[18]
Autonepiophilia The image of one's self in the form of an infant.[14]
Autopedophilia The image of one's self in the form of a child.[19]
Autoplushophilia The image of one's self in the form of a plush.[19]
Autovampirism/Vampirism The image of one's self in the form of a vampire.[20][21][22] Involves ingesting or seeing one's own blood.[18]
Autozoophilia The image of one's self in the form of an animal.[19]

B

Paraphilia Focus of erotic interest
Biastophilia/Raptophilia Raping a person, possibly consensual rape fantasy.[5][14]

C

Paraphilia Focus of erotic interest
Capnolagnia Smoking[23]
Chremastistophilia Being robbed or held up[14]
Chronophilia Partners of a widely differing chronological age[14]
Coprophilia Feces; also known as scat, scatophilia or fecophilia[2][24]
Crurophilia Legs[25]

D

Paraphilia Focus of erotic interest
Dacryphilia Tears or crying[26]
Diaper fetishism Diapers; considerable overlap with paraphilic infantilism[27]
Dendrophilia Trees[5]

E

Paraphilia Focus of erotic interest
Emetophilia Vomit[4]
Eproctophilia Flatulence[3]
Erotic asphyxiation Asphyxia of oneself or others[28]
Erotophonophilia Murder, often of strangers (also known as dacnolagnomania).[11]
Exhibitionism Exposing one's genitals to unsuspecting and nonconsenting others[2]

F

Paraphilia Focus of erotic interest
Feederism Eating, feeding, and weight gain.[29]
Formicophilia Being crawled on by insects[14][30]
Forniphilia Turning a human being into a piece of furniture
Frotteurism Rubbing against a non-consenting person[2]

G

Paraphilia Focus of erotic interest
Gerontophilia Elderly people[31]
Gynandromorphophilia, Gynemimetophilia Transgender women[4][32]

H

Paraphilia Focus of erotic interest
Hematolagnia Drinking or looking at blood[33]
Heterophilia Idealization of heterosexuality and/or people who are "straight-acting", especially by non-heterosexual people.[34][35][36]
Hoplophilia Firearms, guns[37]
Hybristophilia Criminals, particularly those who committed cruel or outrageous crimes[14][38]

I

Paraphilia Focus of erotic interest
Infantophilia Pedophilia with a focus on children less than five years old; a recently suggested term that is not in general use[39]

K

Paraphilia Focus of erotic interest
Kleptophilia Stealing; also known as kleptolagnia[4]
Klismaphilia Enemas, arousal and enjoyment in receiving, administering, or both[4][40]

L

Paraphilia Focus of erotic interest
Lactophilia Breast milk[41]
Liquidophilia Immersing genitals in liquids[41]

M

Paraphilia Focus of erotic interest
Macrophilia Giant beings; the imagined growth of beings[41]
Maschalagnia Armpits[3]
Mazophilia Female breasts.
Masochism Suffering or humiliation; being beaten, bound or otherwise abused[2]
Maiesiophilia Pregnant women[42]
Mechanophilia Cars or other machines; also "mechaphilia."[43][44][45]
Melolagnia Music[46]
Menophilia Menstruation[41]
Metrophilia Poetry[46]
Microphilia Very small people or small body parts
Morphophilia Particular body shapes or sizes[15]
Mucophilia Mucus[41]
Mysophilia Dirtiness, soiled or decaying things[4]

N

Paraphilia Focus of erotic interest
Narratophilia Obscene words[4]
Nasophilia Noses[41]
Navel fetishism Navel
Necrophilia Corpses[2][4][47]

O

Paraphilia Focus of erotic interest
Objectophilia Specific inanimate objects[2]
Oculophilia Eyes and activities directly relating to and/or involving the eyes. Voyeurism does not meet classification for this term.
Odaxelagnia Biting or being bitten
Olfactophilia Smells and odors emanating from the body, especially the sexual areas (as from breath, urine, feces, flatulence, etc.).[4][14]
Omorashi Arousal from having a full bladder and/or wetting oneself, or from seeing someone else experiencing a full bladder and/or wetting themself.

P

Paraphilia Focus of erotic interest
Paraphilic infantilism Dressing or being treated like a baby, also known as autonepiophilia[14] or "adult baby syndrome";[48] considerable overlap with diaper fetishism[27]
Partialism Specific, non-genital body parts[2][4]
Pedal pumping Persons (typically female) needing assistance with automobiles
Pedophilia Prepubescent children, also spelled paedophilia[2][49]
Peodeiktophilia Exposing one's penis[5]
Pedovestism Dressing like a child[50]
Podophilia Feet[51]
Pictophilia Pornography or erotic art, particularly pictures[4][14]
Piquerism Piercing the flesh of another person, most commonly by stabbing or cutting the body with sharp objects[52]
Plushophilia Stuffed toy animals ("plushies").[53]
Pygophilia Buttocks.[54]

S

Paraphilia Focus of erotic interest
Salirophilia Soiling or dirtying others[4]
Sexual fetishism Nonliving objects[2]
Sexual sadism Inflicting pain on others[2]
Shoe fetishism Shoes, such as high heels
Somnophilia Sleeping or unconscious people[4][14]
Sophophilia Learning[55]
Sthenolagnia Muscles and displays of strength[41]
Stigmatophilia Body piercings and tattoos[5][41]
Symphorophilia Witnessing or staging disasters such as car accidents[5]
Telephone scatologia Obscene phone calls, particularly to strangers; also known as telephonicophilia[2][14] and scatophilia[56]

T

Paraphilia Focus of erotic interest
Teratophilia Deformed or monstrous people.[3] The term is also sometimes used in a more literal sense (from ancient greek τέρας, teras, meaning monster) for attraction to monstrous mythical and fictional creatures such as werewolves.
Toucherism Touching an unsuspecting, non-consenting person with the hand[57]
Toxophilia Archery[46]
Transvestic fetishism Wearing clothes associated with the opposite sex; also known as transvestism[2]
Transvestophilia A transvestic sexual partner[14]
Trichophilia Hair[41]
Troilism Observing one's partner engaged in sexual activities with another person[4][15]

U

Paraphilia Focus of erotic interest
Urolagnia Urination, particularly in public, on others, and/or being urinated on. Also referred to as "water sports".[2][4][14][15]

V

Paraphilia Focus of erotic interest
Vorarephilia The idea of one person or creature eating or being eaten by another; usually swallowed whole, in one piece; also known as vore[58]
Voyeurism Watching others while naked or having sex, generally without their knowledge; also known as scopophilia or scoptophilia[2][15]

W

Paraphilia Focus of erotic interest
Wet and messy fetishism Messy situations, including, but not limited to, being pied, slimed or covered in mud

Z

Paraphilia Focus of erotic interest
Zoophilia Attraction to animals[2][4][14]
Zoosadism Inflicting pain on animals, or seeing animals in pain[59]

See also

  • Courtship disorders
  • Erotic target location errors
  • List of technical terms for nonparaphilic sexual interests
  • Lovemaps
  • Perversion
  • List of phobias
  • Sexual fetishism

References

  1. ↑ Moran, Mark (May 3, 2013). "DSM to Distinguish Paraphilias From Paraphilic Disorders". Psychiatric News. American Psychiatric Association. 48 (9): 10–261. doi:10.1176/appi.pn.2013.5a19. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. 2000. ISBN 978-0-89042-025-6.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Aggrawal, Anil (2008). "Appendix 1". Forensic and Medico-legal Aspects of Sexual Crimes and Unusual Sexual Practices. CRC Press. pp. 369–382. ISBN 978-1-4200-4308-2.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Milner, JS; Dopke CA (2008). "Paraphilia Not Otherwise Specified: Psychopathology and theory". In Laws DR & O'Donohue WT (ed.). Sexual Deviance, Second Edition: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment. New York: The Guilford Press. pp. 384–418. ISBN 978-1-59385-605-2.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Money, J (1984). "Paraphilias: Phenomenology and classification". American Journal of Psychotherapy. 38 (2): 164–78. doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1984.38.2.164. PMID 6234812.
  6. ↑ Money, J; Simcoe KW (1986). "Acrotomophilia, sex, and disability: New concepts and case report". Sexuality and Disability. 7 (1/2): 43–50. doi:10.1007/BF01101829. S2CID 145239837.
  7. ↑ Scobie, A; Taylor J (1975). "Perversions ancient and modern: I. Agalmatophilia, the statue syndrome". Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences. 11 (1): 49–54. doi:10.1002/1520-6696(197501)11:1<49::AID-JHBS2300110112>3.0.CO;2-6. PMID 11609831.
  8. ↑ Kelley, K; Byrne D (1986). Alternative Approaches to the Study of Sexual Behavior. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp. 13–38. ISBN 978-0-89859-677-9.
  9. ↑ Money, J; Lamacz, M (1984). "Gynemimesis and gynemimetophilia: Individual and cross-cultural manifestations of a gender-coping strategy hitherto unnamed". Comprehensive Psychiatry. 25 (4): 392–403. doi:10.1016/0010-440X(84)90074-9. PMID 6467919.
  10. ↑ Theroux, Alexander (2008). Laura Warholic. Fantagraphics Books. p. 135. ISBN 978-1-56097-798-8.
  11. 1 2 3 Hickey, Eric W. (2006). Sex Crimes and Paraphilia. Pearson Education. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-13-170350-6.
  12. ↑ Money, J; Jobaris, Russell; Furth, Gregg (1977). "Apotemnophilia: Two cases of self-demand amputation as a paraphilia". The Journal of Sex Research. 13 (2): 115–125. doi:10.1080/00224497709550967. JSTOR 3811894.
  13. ↑ Smith, R. C. (2004). "Amputee identity disorder and related paraphilias". Psychiatry. 3 (8): 27–30. doi:10.1383/psyt.3.8.27.43394.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Money, John (1988). Lovemaps: Clinical Concepts of Sexual/Erotic Health and Pathology, Paraphilia, and Gender Transposition in Childhood, Adolescence, and Maturity. Buffalo, N.Y: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-0-87975-456-3.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Seto, MC; Barbaree HE (2000). "Paraphilias". In Hersen M; Van Hasselt VB (eds.). Aggression and violence: an introductory text. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. pp. 198–213. ISBN 978-0-205-26721-7.
  16. ↑ Cantor, J. M., & Sutton, K. S. (2014). Paraphilia, gender dysphoria, and hypersexuality. In P. H. Blaney & T. Millon (Eds.), Oxford textbook of psychopathology (3rd ed.) (pp. 589–614). New York: Oxford University Press.
  17. ↑ Cantor, J. M., & Sutton, K. S. (2014). Paraphilia, gender dysphoria, and hypersexuality. In P. H. Blaney & T. Millon (Eds.), Oxford textbook of psychopathology (3rd ed.) (pp. 589–614). New York: Oxford University Press.
  18. 1 2 Hickey, Eric W. (2006). Sex Crimes and Paraphilia. Pearson Education. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-13-170350-6.
  19. 1 2 3 Lawrence, A. A. (2009). "Erotic target location errors: An underappreciated paraphilic dimension". The Journal of Sex Research. 46 (2–3): 194–215. doi:10.1080/00224490902747727. PMID 19308843. S2CID 10105602.
  20. ↑ McCully, R. S. (1964). "Vampirism: Historical perspective and underlying process in relation to a case of auto-vampirism". Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 139 (5): 440–451. doi:10.1097/00005053-196411000-00004. PMID 14227491. S2CID 27907404.
  21. ↑ Vanden Bergh, RL; Kelly JF (1964). "Vampirism: A review with new observations". Archives of General Psychiatry. 11 (5): 543–547. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1964.01720290085012. PMID 14208658.
  22. ↑ Prins, H (1985). "Vampirism—A clinical condition". British Journal of Psychiatry. 146 (6): 666–668. doi:10.1192/bjp.146.6.666. PMID 4016482.
  23. ↑ Ribisl KM, Lee RE, Henriksen L, Haladjian HH, "A content analysis of Web sites promoting smoking culture and lifestyle", Health Educ Behav. 2003 Feb;30(1):64-78
  24. ↑ Xavier, CM (1955). "Coprophilia: A clinical study". British Journal of Medical Psychology. 28 (2–3): 188–190. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1955.tb00893.x. PMID 14389628.
  25. ↑ Resnick, J. (2011). Far-out Philias and Phobias. Psychotherapy in Australia, 17(4), 65.
  26. ↑ Holmes, RM (2002). Sex Crimes: Patterns and Behavior. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. p. 244. ISBN 978-0-7619-2417-3. OCLC 48883594.
  27. 1 2 Taormino, T (2002-08-13). "Still in Diapers". The Village Voice. Retrieved 2007-05-08.
  28. ↑ Blanchard, R; Hucker SJ (1991). "Age, transvestism, bondage, and concurrent paraphilic activities in 117 fatal cases of autoerotic asphyxia". British Journal of Psychiatry. 159 (3): 371–7. doi:10.1192/bjp.159.3.371. PMID 1958948.
  29. ↑ Terry, L. L.; Suschinsky, K. D.; Lalumiere, M. L.; Vasey, P. L. (2012). "Feederism: An exaggeration of a normative mate selection preference?". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 41 (1): 249–260. doi:10.1007/s10508-012-9925-7. PMID 22392517. S2CID 44663597.
  30. ↑ Dewaraja, R; Money J (1986). "Transcultural sexology: Formicophilia, a newly named paraphilia in a young Buddhist male". Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy. 12 (2): 139–145. doi:10.1080/00926238608415401. PMID 3723604.
  31. ↑ Hirschfeld, M (1920). Die homosexualität des mannes und des weibes [Homosexuality in men and women] (in German) (2nd ed.). Berlin: Louis Marcus.
  32. ↑ Blanchard, R; Collins PI (1993). "Men with sexual interest in transvestites, transsexuals, and she-males". Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 181 (9): 570–575. doi:10.1097/00005053-199309000-00008. PMID 8245926. S2CID 37059616.
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  34. ↑ Schwartz, David (1993). "Heterophilia—the love that dare not speak its aim commentary on trop and Stolorows "defense analysis in self psychology: A developmental view""∗". Psychoanalytic Dialogues. 3 (4): 643–652. doi:10.1080/10481889309539000.
  35. ↑ Wood, Mitchell J. (2004). The Gay Male Gaze: Body image disturbance and gender oppression among gay men. In Lipton, Benjamin (ed.) Gay Men Living with Chronic Illnesses and Disabilities: From Crisis to Crossroads. Psychology Press, ISBN 978-1-56023-336-7
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  37. ↑ Levine, Risen & Althof (2011). Handbook of Clinical Sexuality for Mental Health Professionals. p. 406. ISBN 978-1-135-96749-9.
  38. ↑ Sharma BR (September 2003). "Disorders of sexual preference and medicolegal issues thereof". Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 24 (3): 277–82. doi:10.1097/01.paf.0000069503.21112.d2. PMID 12960665. S2CID 37392247.
  39. ↑ Greenberg DM, Bradford J, Curry S (1995). "Infantophilia--a new subcategory of pedophilia?: a preliminary study". Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 23 (1): 63–71. PMID 7599373..
  40. ↑ Brame, Gloria; Brame, William D.; Jacobs, Jon (1993). Different Loving – The World of Sexual Dominance and Submission. Villard Books. ISBN 978-0-6797-6956-9.
  41. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Scorolli C, Ghirlanda S, Enquist M, Zattoni S, Jannini EA (2007). "Relative prevalence of different fetishes". Int. J. Impot. Res. 19 (4): 432–7. doi:10.1038/sj.ijir.3901547. PMID 17304204.
  42. ↑ Fedoroff, J. Paul (21 October 2019). The Paraphilias: Changing Suits in the Evolution of Sexual Interest Paradigms. Oxford University Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-19-046633-6. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
  43. ↑ Kristina Wilson (2000). The American Century: Art and Culture, 1900–2000. Part I, 1900–1950: An Exhibition Review.
  44. ↑ Paul Galvez (2000). Self-Portrait of the Artist as a Monkey-Hand. The MIT Press.
  45. ↑ Cynthia Ceilán (2008). Weirdly Beloved: Tales of Strange Bedfellows, Odd Couplings, and Love Gone Bad. The Lyons Press. ISBN 1-59921-403-2.
  46. 1 2 3 Hickey, Eric W. (2006). Sex Crimes and Paraphilia. Pearson Education. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-13-170350-6.
  47. ↑ Rosman JP, Resnick PJ (1989). "Sexual attraction to corpses: a psychiatric review of necrophilia". Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 17 (2): 153–63. PMID 2667656.
  48. ↑ Pate, JE; Gabbard, GO (2003). "Adult baby syndrome". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 160 (11): 1932–6. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.11.1932. PMID 14594737.
  49. ↑ Krafft-Ebing, R (1998) [1886]. Psychopathia sexualis: A medico-forensic study (1998 translation by Franklin S. Klaf. Arcade Publishing. p. 408. ISBN 978-1-55970-426-7.
  50. ↑ Lawrence, AA (2006). "Clinical and theoretical parallels between desire for limb amputation and gender identity disorder". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 35 (3): 263–278. doi:10.1007/s10508-006-9026-6. PMID 16799838. S2CID 17528273.
  51. ↑ Hickey, Eric W. (2006). Sex Crimes and Paraphilia. Pearson Education. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-13-170350-6.
  52. ↑ Davis, MS (2002). The concise dictionary of crime and justice. SAGE Publications. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-7619-2176-9.
  53. ↑ Kelleher, Kathleen (2001-06-04). "Once Seen as Taboos, Sexual Fetishes Are Gaining Acceptance". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
  54. ↑ Hickey, Eric W. (2006). Sex crimes and paraphilia. Pearson Education. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-13-170350-6. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
  55. ↑ Hickey, Eric W. (2006). Sex Crimes and Paraphilia. Pearson Education. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-13-170350-6.
  56. ↑ Hickey, Eric W. (2006). Sex Crimes and Paraphilia. Pearson Education. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-13-170350-6.
  57. ↑ Freund, K. (1990). L. Ellis; H. Hoffman (eds.). "Courtship disorders: Toward a biosocial understanding of voyeurism, exhibitionism, toucherism, and the preferential rape pattern". Crime in biological, social, and moral contexts. NY: Praeger: 100–114.
  58. ↑ Brenda Brathwaite (2007). "Defining sex" (PDF). Sex in Video Games. London: Charles River Media. ISBN 978-1-58450-459-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2013-09-26.
  59. ↑ Williams, CJ; Weinberg MS (2003). "Zoophilia in Men: A study of sexual interest in animals". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 32 (6): 523–535. doi:10.1023/A:1026085410617. PMID 14574096. S2CID 13386430.
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