Microbiomes of the built environment

Microbiomes of the built environment[1][2] is a field of inquiry into the communities of microorganisms that live in human constructed environments like houses, cars and water pipes. It is also sometimes referred to as microbiology of the built environment.

  • The field has accelerated somewhat in recent years, with significant funding from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation[3] and with the increase attention being given to microbiomes and communities of microbes generally.
  • The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine of the USA is conducting a study of this field with the study entitled "Microbiomes of the Built Environment: From Research to Application".
  • The American Association for the Advancement of Science ran a symposium on the topic in 2014.[4]
  • The American Academy of Microbiology had a colloquium on this topic in September 2015 and published a report "Microbiology of Built Environments".[5]

A 2016 paper by Brent Stephens [6] highlights some of the key findings of studies of "microbiomes of the indoor environment". These key findings include those listed below:

  • "Culture-independent methods reveal vastly greater microbial diversity compared to culture-based methods"
  • "Indoor spaces often harbor unique microbial communities"
  • "Indoor bacterial communities often originate from indoor sources."
  • "Humans are also major sources of bacteria to indoor air"
  • "Building design and operation can influence indoor microbial communities."

The microbiomes of the built environment are being studied for multiple reasons including how they may impact the health of humans and other organisms occupying the built environment but also some non health reasons such as diagnostics of building properties, for forensic application, impact on food production, impact on built environment function, and more.

Studied environments

Extensive research has been conducted on individual microbes found in the built environment. More recently there has been a significant expansion in the number of studies that are examining the communities of microbesfound in the built environment. Such studies have covered a range of environments.

  • Buildings. Examples include homes,[7][8][9] dormitories,[10] offices,[11][12] hospitals,[13][14][15] operating rooms,[16][17][18] NICUs,[19] classrooms,[20][21] transportation facilities such as train and subway stations,[22][23] food production facilities [24] (e.g. dairies, wineries,[25] cheesemaking facilities,[26][27] sake breweries[28] and beer breweries,[29] aquaria,[30] libraries,[31] cleanrooms,[32][33] zoos, animal shelters, farms, and chicken coops and housing.[34]
  • Vehicles. Examples include airplanes,[35] ships, trains,[23] automobiles [36] and space vehicles including the International Space Station,[37][38] MIR,[39] the Mars Odyssey,[40] the Herschel Spacecraft.[41]
  • Water Systems. Examples include shower heads,[42] children's paddling pools,[43] municipal water systems,[44] recirculating aquaculture systems,[45] drinking water and premise plumbing systems[46][47][48][49] and saunas.[50]
  • Other. Examples include art and cultural heritage items,[51] clothing,[52] kitchen sponges,[53] and household appliances such as dishwashers [54] and washing machines.[55]

Findings

General biogeography

Overall the many studies that have been conducted on the microbiomes of the built environment have started to identify some general patterns regarding the microbes are found in various places. Different areas and kinds of buildings are linked to different sorts of microbiota.[56] Pakpour et al. in 2016 reviewed the patterns relating to the presence of archaea in indoor environments (based on analysis of rRNA gene sequence data).[57]

Human health

Many studies have documented possible human health implications of the microbiomes of the built environment.[58]

  • Newborn colonization. The microbes that colonize newborns come in part from the built environment (e.g., hospital rooms). This appears to be especially true for babies born by C-section (see for example Shin et al. 2016 [59]) and also babies that spend time in a NICU.[19]
  • Risk of allergy and asthma. The risk of allergy and asthma is correlated to differences in the built environment microbiome. Some experimental tests (e.g., in mice) have suggested that these correlations may actually be causal (i.e., the differences in the microbiomes may actually lead to differences in risk of allergy or asthma). Review papers on this topic include Casas et al. 2016[60] and Fujimura and Lynch 2015.[61] The microbiome of household dust is correlated to the childhood risk of allergy, asthma and phenotypes connected to these ailments.[62][63][64] The impact of the microbiome of the built environment on the risk of allergy and asthma and other inflammatory or immune conditions is a possible mechanism underlying what is known as the hygiene hypothesis.
  • Mental health. In a 2015 review Hoisington et al. discuss possible connections between the microbiology of the built environment and human health.[65] The concept presented in this paper is that more and more evidence is accumulating that the human microbiome has some impact on the brain and thus if the built environment either directly or indirectly impacts the human microbiome, this in turn could have impacts on human mental health.
  • Pathogen transmission. Many pathogens are transmitted in the built environment and may also reside in the built environment for some period of time.[66] Good examples include influenza, norovirus, legionella, and MRSA. The study of the transmission and survival of these pathogens is a component of studies of microbiomes of the built environment.
  • Indoor Air Quality. The study of indoor air quality and the health impact of such air quality is linked at least in part to microbes in the built environment since they can impact directly or indirectly indoor air quality.

Components of the Built Environment that Likely Impact Microbiomes

A major component of studies of microbiomes of the built environment involves determining how components of the built environment impact these microbes and microbial communities. Factors that are thought to be important include humidity, pH, chemical exposures, temperature, filtration, surface materials, and air flow.[67] There has been an effort to develop standards for what built environment "metadata" to collect associated with studies of the microbial communities in the built environment.[68] A 2014 paper reviews the tools that are available to improve the built environment data that is collected associated with such studies.[69] Data covered in this review include building characteristics and environmental conditions, HVAC system characteristics and ventilation rates, human occupancy and activity measurements, surface characterizations and air sampling and aerosol dynamics.

Impact of Microbiomes on the Built Environment

Just as the built environment has an impact on the microbiomes found therein, the microbial communities of the built environment can impact the built environment itself. Examples include degradation of building materials, altering fluid and airflow, generating volatiles, and more.

Possible Uses in Forensics

The microbiome of the built environment has some potential for being used as a feature for forensic studies. Most of these applications are still in the early research phase. For example, it has been shown that people leave behind a somewhat diagnostic microbial signature when they type on computer keyboards,[70] use phones[71] or occupy a room.[10]

Odor

There has been a significant amount of research on the role that microbes play in various odors in the built environment. For example, Diekmann et al. examined the connection between volatile organic emissions in automobile air conditioning units.[72] They reported that the types of microbes found were correlated to the bad odors found. Park and Kim examined which microbes found in an automobile air conditioner could produce bad smelling volatile compounds and identified candidate taxa producing some such compounds.[73]

Methods

Many methods are used to study microbes in built environment. A review of such methods are some of the challenges in using them was published by NIST. Hoisington et al. in 2014 reviewed methods that could be used by building professionals to study the microbiology of the built environment.[74] Methods used in the study of microbes in the built environment include culturing (with subsequent studies of the cultured microbes), microscopy, air, water and surface sampling, chemical analyses, and culture independent DNA studies such as ribosomal RNA gene PCR and metagenomics.

See also

Examples of projects

There are a growing number of research projects and groups focusing directly or indirectly on microbiomes of the built environment.

Societies and organizations

References

  1. ↑ Konya, Theodore; Scott, James A. (2014). "Recent Advances in the Microbiology of the Built Environment". Current Sustainable/Renewable Energy Reports. 1 (2): 35–42. doi:10.1007/s40518-014-0007-4. ISSN 2196-3010.
  2. ↑ Corsi, Richard L.; Kinney, Kerry A.; Levin, Hal (2012). "Microbiomes of built environments: 2011 symposium highlights and workgroup recommendations". Indoor Air. 22 (3): 171–172. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2012.00782.x. ISSN 0905-6947. PMC 3412220. PMID 22489819.
  3. ↑ "Microbiology of the Built Environment". Sloan Fdn. Archived from the original on 2016-07-19. Retrieved 2016-07-25.
  4. ↑ "Microbiomes of the Built Environment".
  5. ↑ Richmod, Dylan. "FAQ: Microbiology of Built Environments". academy.asm.org. Retrieved 2016-07-27.
  6. ↑ Stephens, Brent; Gibbons, Sean Michael (2016). "What Have We Learned about the Microbiomes of Indoor Environments?: TABLE 1". mSystems. 1 (4): e00083–16. doi:10.1128/mSystems.00083-16. ISSN 2379-5077. PMC 5069963. PMID 27822547.
  7. ↑ Lax, Simon; et al. (2014). "Longitudinal analysis of microbial interaction between humans and the indoor environment". Science. 345 (6200): 1048–1052. Bibcode:2014Sci...345.1048L. doi:10.1126/science.1254529. PMC 4337996. PMID 25170151.
  8. ↑ Barberán, Albert; Dunn, Robert R.; Reich, Brian J.; Pacifici, Krishna; Laber, Eric B.; Menninger, Holly L.; Morton, James M.; Henley, Jessica B.; Leff, Jonathan W.; Miller, Shelly L.; Fierer, Noah (2015). "The ecology of microscopic life in household dust". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 282 (1814): 20151139. doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.1139. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 4571696. PMID 26311665.
  9. ↑ Dunn, Robert R.; Fierer, Noah; Henley, Jessica B.; Leff, Jonathan W.; Menninger, Holly L. (2013). "Home Life: Factors Structuring the Bacterial Diversity Found within and between Homes". PLOS ONE. 8 (5): e64133. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...864133D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064133. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3661444. PMID 23717552.
  10. 1 2 Luongo, Julia C; Barberán, Albert; Hacker-Cary, Robin; Morgan, Emily E.; Miller, Shelly L; Fierer, Noah (2016). "Microbial analyses of airborne dust collected from dormitory rooms predict the sex of occupants". Indoor Air. 27 (2): 338–344. doi:10.1111/ina.12302. ISSN 0905-6947. PMID 27018492. S2CID 3513352.
  11. ↑ Kembel, Steven W.; Meadow, James F.; O’Connor, Timothy K.; Mhuireach, Gwynne; Northcutt, Dale; Kline, Jeff; Moriyama, Maxwell; Brown, G. Z.; Bohannan, Brendan J. M.; Green, Jessica L. (2014). "Architectural Design Drives the Biogeography of Indoor Bacterial Communities". PLOS ONE. 9 (1): e87093. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...987093K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0087093. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3906134. PMID 24489843.
  12. ↑ Chase, John; Fouquier, Jennifer; Zare, Mahnaz; Sonderegger, Derek L.; Knight, Rob; Kelley, Scott T.; Siegel, Jeffrey; Caporaso, J. Gregory; Gilbert, Jack A. (2016). "Geography and Location Are the Primary Drivers of Office Microbiome Composition". mSystems. 1 (2): e00022–16. doi:10.1128/mSystems.00022-16. ISSN 2379-5077. PMC 5069741. PMID 27822521.
  13. ↑ Smith, Daniel; Alverdy, John; An, Gary; Coleman, Maureen; Garcia-Houchins, Sylvia; Green, Jessica; Keegan, Kevin; Kelley, Scott T.; Kirkup, Benjamin C.; Kociolek, Larry; Levin, Hal; Landon, Emily; Olsiewski, Paula; Knight, Rob; Siegel, Jeffrey; Weber, Stephen; Gilbert, Jack (2013). "The Hospital Microbiome Project: Meeting Report for the 1st Hospital Microbiome Project Workshop on sampling design and building science measurements, Chicago, USA, June 7th-8th 2012". Standards in Genomic Sciences. 8 (1): 112–117. doi:10.4056/sigs.3717348. ISSN 1944-3277. PMC 3739179. PMID 23961316.
  14. ↑ Shogan, Benjamin D.; Smith, Daniel P.; Packman, Aaron I.; Kelley, Scott T.; Landon, Emily M; Bhangar, Seema; Vora, Gary J.; Jones, Rachael M.; Keegan, Kevin (2013-07-30). "The Hospital Microbiome Project: Meeting report for the 2nd Hospital Microbiome Project, Chicago, USA, January 15th, 2013". Standards in Genomic Sciences. 8 (3): 571–579. doi:10.4056/sigs.4187859. ISSN 1944-3277. PMC 3910697. PMID 24501640.
  15. ↑ Westwood, Jack; Burnett, Matthew; Spratt, David; Ball, Michael; Wilson, Daniel J.; Wellsteed, Sally; Cleary, David; Green, Andy; Hutley, Emma (2014-01-01). "The hospital microbiome project: meeting report for the UK science and innovation network UK-USA workshop 'beating the superbugs: hospital microbiome studies for tackling antimicrobial resistance', October 14th 2013". Standards in Genomic Sciences. 9: 12. doi:10.1186/1944-3277-9-12. ISSN 1944-3277. PMC 4334475.
  16. ↑ Saito, Yuhei; Yasuhara, Hiroshi; Murakoshi, Satoshi; Komatsu, Takami; Fukatsu, Kazuhiko; Uetera, Yushi (2015). "Time-dependent influence on assessment of contaminated environmental surfaces in operating rooms". American Journal of Infection Control. 43 (9): 951–955. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2015.04.196. ISSN 0196-6553. PMID 26050097.
  17. ↑ Alexander, J. Wesley; Van Sweringen, Heather; VanOss, Katherine; Hooker, Edmond A.; Edwards, Michael J. (2013). "Surveillance of Bacterial Colonization in Operating Rooms". Surgical Infections. 14 (4): 345–351. doi:10.1089/sur.2012.134. ISSN 1096-2964. PMID 23859684.
  18. ↑ Suzuki, Asakatsu; Namba, Yoshimichi; Matsuura, Masaji; Horisawa, Akiko (2009). "Bacterial contamination of floors and other surfaces in operating rooms: a five-year survey". Journal of Hygiene. 93 (3): 559–566. doi:10.1017/S002217240006513X. ISSN 0022-1724. PMC 2129451. PMID 6512255.
  19. 1 2 Hartz, Lacey E.; Bradshaw, Wanda; Brandon, Debra H. (2015). "Potential NICU Environmental Influences on the Neonateʼs Microbiome". Advances in Neonatal Care. 15 (5): 324–335. doi:10.1097/anc.0000000000000220. PMC 4583357. PMID 26340035.
  20. ↑ Meadow, James F; Altrichter, Adam E; Kembel, Steven W; Moriyama, Maxwell; O’Connor, Timothy K; Womack, Ann M; Brown, G Z; Green, Jessica L; Bohannan, Brendan J M (2014). "Bacterial communities on classroom surfaces vary with human contact". Microbiome. 2 (1): 7. doi:10.1186/2049-2618-2-7. ISSN 2049-2618. PMC 3945812. PMID 24602274.
  21. ↑ Qian, J.; Hospodsky, D.; Yamamoto, N.; Nazaroff, W. W.; Peccia, J. (2012). "Size-resolved emission rates of airborne bacteria and fungi in an occupied classroom". Indoor Air. 22 (4): 339–351. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2012.00769.x. ISSN 0905-6947. PMC 3437488. PMID 22257156.
  22. ↑ Leung, M. H. Y.; Wilkins, D.; Li, E. K. T.; Kong, F. K. F.; Lee, P. K. H. (2014). "Indoor-Air Microbiome in an Urban Subway Network: Diversity and Dynamics". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 80 (21): 6760–6770. Bibcode:2014ApEnM..80.6760L. doi:10.1128/AEM.02244-14. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 4249038. PMID 25172855.
  23. 1 2 Hsu, Tiffany; Joice, Regina; Vallarino, Jose; Abu-Ali, Galeb; Hartmann, Erica M.; Shafquat, Afrah; DuLong, Casey; Baranowski, Catherine; Gevers, Dirk; Green, Jessica L.; Morgan, Xochitl C.; Spengler, John D.; Huttenhower, Curtis; Knight, Rob (2016). "Urban Transit System Microbial Communities Differ by Surface Type and Interaction with Humans and the Environment". mSystems. 1 (3): e00018–16. doi:10.1128/mSystems.00018-16. ISSN 2379-5077. PMC 5069760. PMID 27822528.
  24. ↑ Bokulich, Nicholas A; Lewis, Zachery T; Boundy-Mills, Kyria; Mills, David A (2016). "A new perspective on microbial landscapes within food production". Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 37: 182–189. doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2015.12.008. ISSN 0958-1669. PMC 4913695. PMID 26773388.
  25. ↑ Bokulich, Nicholas A.; Ohta, Moe; Richardson, Paul M.; Mills, David A. (2013). "Monitoring Seasonal Changes in Winery-Resident Microbiota". PLOS ONE. 8 (6): e66437. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...866437B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066437. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3686677. PMID 23840468.
  26. ↑ Bokulich, N. A.; Mills, D. A. (2013). "Facility-Specific "House" Microbiome Drives Microbial Landscapes of Artisan Cheesemaking Plants". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 79 (17): 5214–5223. Bibcode:2013ApEnM..79.5214B. doi:10.1128/AEM.00934-13. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 3753952. PMID 23793641.
  27. ↑ Calasso, Maria; Ercolini, Danilo; Mancini, Leonardo; Stellato, Giuseppina; Minervini, Fabio; Di Cagno, Raffaella; De Angelis, Maria; Gobbetti, Marco (2016). "Relationships among house, rind and core microbiotas during manufacture of traditional Italian cheeses at the same dairy plant". Food Microbiology. 54: 115–126. doi:10.1016/j.fm.2015.10.008. ISSN 0740-0020.
  28. ↑ Bokulich, N. A.; Ohta, M.; Lee, M.; Mills, D. A. (2014). "Indigenous Bacteria and Fungi Drive Traditional Kimoto Sake Fermentations". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 80 (17): 5522–5529. Bibcode:2014ApEnM..80.5522B. doi:10.1128/AEM.00663-14. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 4136118. PMID 24973064.
  29. ↑ Bokulich, Nicholas A; Bergsveinson, Jordyn; Ziola, Barry; Mills, David A (2015). "Mapping microbial ecosystems and spoilage-gene flow in breweries highlights patterns of contamination and resistance". eLife. 4. doi:10.7554/eLife.04634. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 4352708. PMID 25756611.
  30. ↑ Van Bonn, William; LaPointe, Allen; Gibbons, Sean M.; Frazier, Angel; Hampton-Marcell, Jarrad; Gilbert, Jack (2015). "Aquarium microbiome response to ninety-percent system water change: Clues to microbiome management". Zoo Biology. 34 (4): 360–367. doi:10.1002/zoo.21220. hdl:1912/7532. ISSN 0733-3188. PMC 4852745. PMID 26031788.
  31. ↑ Hayleeyesus, Samuel Fekadu; Manaye, Abayneh Melaku (2014). "Microbiological Quality of Indoor Air in University Libraries". Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 4 (Suppl 1): S312–S317. doi:10.12980/APJTB.4.2014C807. ISSN 2221-1691. PMC 4025286. PMID 25183103.
  32. ↑ Mahnert, Alexander; Vaishampayan, Parag; Probst, Alexander J.; Auerbach, Anna; Moissl-Eichinger, Christine; Venkateswaran, Kasthuri; Berg, Gabriele (2015). "Cleanroom Maintenance Significantly Reduces Abundance but Not Diversity of Indoor Microbiomes". PLOS ONE. 10 (8): e0134848. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1034848M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0134848. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4537314. PMID 26273838.
  33. ↑ Weinmaier, Thomas; Probst, Alexander J.; La Duc, Myron T.; Ciobanu, Doina; Cheng, Jan-Fang; Ivanova, Natalia; Rattei, Thomas; Vaishampayan, Parag (2015). "A viability-linked metagenomic analysis of cleanroom environments: eukarya, prokaryotes, and viruses". Microbiome. 3 (1): 62. doi:10.1186/s40168-015-0129-y. ISSN 2049-2618. PMC 4672508. PMID 26642878.
  34. ↑ Pehrsson, Erica C.; Tsukayama, Pablo; Patel, Sanket; Mejía-Bautista, Melissa; Sosa-Soto, Giordano; Navarrete, Karla M.; Calderon, Maritza; Cabrera, Lilia; Hoyos-Arango, William (2016). "Interconnected microbiomes and resistomes in low-income human habitats". Nature. 533 (7602): 212–216. Bibcode:2016Natur.533..212P. doi:10.1038/nature17672. PMC 4869995. PMID 27172044.
  35. ↑ Korves, T. M.; Piceno, Y. M.; Tom, L. M.; DeSantis, T. Z.; Jones, B. W.; Andersen, G. L.; Hwang, G. M. (2013). "Bacterial communities in commercial aircraft high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters assessed by PhyloChip analysis". Indoor Air. 23 (1): 50–61. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2012.00787.x. ISSN 0905-6947. PMC 7201892. PMID 22563927.
  36. ↑ Stephenson, Rachel E.; Gutierrez, Daniel; Peters, Cindy; Nichols, Mark; Boles, Blaise R. (2014). "Elucidation of bacteria found in car interiors and strategies to reduce the presence of potential pathogens". Biofouling. 30 (3): 337–346. doi:10.1080/08927014.2013.873418. ISSN 0892-7014. PMC 3962071. PMID 24564823.
  37. ↑ Castro, V. A.; Thrasher, A. N.; Healy, M.; Ott, C. M.; Pierson, D. L. (2004). "Microbial Characterization during the Early Habitation of the International Space Station". Microbial Ecology. 47 (2): 119–126. doi:10.1007/s00248-003-1030-y. ISSN 0095-3628. PMID 14749908. S2CID 7746684.
  38. ↑ Mora, Maximilian; Wink, Lisa; Kögler, Ines; Mahnert, Alexander; Rettberg, Petra; Schwendner, Petra; Demets, René; Cockell, Charles; Alekhova, Tatiana; Klingl, Andreas; Krause, Robert (2019-09-05). "Space Station conditions are selective but do not alter microbial characteristics relevant to human health". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 3990. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.3990M. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11682-z. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 6728350. PMID 31488812.
  39. ↑ Novikova, N. D. (2004). "Review of the Knowledge of Microbial Contamination of the Russian Manned Spacecraft". Microbial Ecology. 47 (2): 127–132. doi:10.1007/s00248-003-1055-2. ISSN 0095-3628. PMID 14994178. S2CID 20497761.
  40. ↑ La Duc, Myron T.; Nicholson, Wayne; Kern, Roger; Venkateswaran, Kasthuri (2003). "Microbial characterization of the Mars Odyssey spacecraft and its encapsulation facility". Environmental Microbiology. 5 (10): 977–985. doi:10.1046/j.1462-2920.2003.00496.x. ISSN 1462-2912. PMID 14510851.
  41. ↑ Moissl-Eichinger, Christine; Pukall, Rüdiger; Probst, Alexander J.; Stieglmeier, Michaela; Schwendner, Petra; Mora, Maximilian; Barczyk, Simon; Bohmeier, Maria; Rettberg, Petra (2013). "Lessons Learned from the Microbial Analysis of the Herschel Spacecraft during Assembly, Integration, and Test Operations". Astrobiology. 13 (12): 1125–1139. Bibcode:2013AsBio..13.1125M. doi:10.1089/ast.2013.1024. ISSN 1531-1074. PMID 24313230.
  42. ↑ Feazel, L. M.; Baumgartner, L. K.; Peterson, K. L.; Frank, D. N.; Harris, J. K.; Pace, N. R. (2009). "Opportunistic pathogens enriched in showerhead biofilms". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (38): 16393–16399. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10616393F. doi:10.1073/pnas.0908446106. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2752528. PMID 19805310.
  43. ↑ Sawabe, Toko; Suda, Wataru; Ohshima, Kenshiro; Hattori, Masahira; Sawabe, Tomoo (2016). "First microbiota assessments of children's paddling pool waters evaluated using 16S rRNA gene-based metagenome analysis". Journal of Infection and Public Health. 9 (3): 362–365. doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2015.11.008. ISSN 1876-0341. PMID 26671497.
  44. ↑ Baron, Julianne L.; Harris, J. Kirk; Holinger, Eric P.; Duda, Scott; Stevens, Mark J.; Robertson, Charles E.; Ross, Kimberly A.; Pace, Norman R.; Stout, Janet E. (2015). "Effect of monochloramine treatment on the microbial ecology of Legionella and associated bacterial populations in a hospital hot water system". Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 38 (3): 198–205. doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2015.02.006. ISSN 0723-2020. PMID 25840824.
  45. ↑ Ericsson AC, Busi SB, Davis DJ, Nabli H, Eckhoff DC, Dorfmeyer RA, Turner G, Oswalt PS, Cim MJ, Bryda EC (August 2021). "Molecular and culture-based assessment of the microbiome in a zebrafish (Danio rerio) housing system during set-up and equilibration". Animal Microbiome. 3 (55): 55. doi:10.1186/s42523-021-00116-1. PMC 8340428. PMID 34353374.
  46. ↑ Pinto, Ameet J.; Xi, Chuanwu; Raskin, Lutgarde (2012). "Bacterial Community Structure in the Drinking Water Microbiome Is Governed by Filtration Processes". Environmental Science & Technology. 46 (16): 8851–8859. Bibcode:2012EnST...46.8851P. doi:10.1021/es302042t. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 22793041.
  47. ↑ Rudi, K.; Tannaes, T.; Vatn, M. (2009). "Temporal and Spatial Diversity of the Tap Water Microbiota in a Norwegian Hospital". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 75 (24): 7855–7857. Bibcode:2009ApEnM..75.7855R. doi:10.1128/AEM.01174-09. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 2794120. PMID 19837845.
  48. ↑ Wang, Hong; Masters, Sheldon; Edwards, Marc A.; Falkinham, Joseph O.; Pruden, Amy (2014). "Effect of Disinfectant, Water Age, and Pipe Materials on Bacterial and Eukaryotic Community Structure in Drinking Water Biofilm". Environmental Science & Technology. 48 (3): 1426–1435. Bibcode:2014EnST...48.1426W. doi:10.1021/es402636u. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 24401122.
  49. ↑ Liu, G.; Verberk, J. Q. J. C.; Van Dijk, J. C. (2013). "Bacteriology of drinking water distribution systems: an integral and multidimensional review". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 97 (21): 9265–9276. doi:10.1007/s00253-013-5217-y. ISSN 0175-7598. PMID 24068335. S2CID 2580915.
  50. ↑ Kim, Bong Su; Seo, Jae Ran; Park, Doo Hyun (2013). "Variation and Characterization of Bacterial Communities Contaminating Two Saunas Operated at 64℃ and 76℃". Journal of Bacteriology and Virology. 43 (3): 195. doi:10.4167/jbv.2013.43.3.195. ISSN 1598-2467.
  51. ↑ Sterflinger, Katja; Piñar, Guadalupe (2013-10-08). "Microbial deterioration of cultural heritage and works of art — tilting at windmills?". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 97 (22): 9637–9646. doi:10.1007/s00253-013-5283-1. ISSN 0175-7598. PMC 3825568. PMID 24100684.
  52. ↑ Callewaert, Chris; Maeseneire, Evelyn De; Kerckhof, Frederiek-Maarten; Verliefde, Arne; Wiele, Tom Van de; Boon, Nico (2014-11-01). "Microbial Odor Profile of Polyester and Cotton Clothes after a Fitness Session". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 80 (21): 6611–6619. Bibcode:2014ApEnM..80.6611C. doi:10.1128/AEM.01422-14. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 4249026. PMID 25128346.
  53. ↑ Cardinale, Massimiliano; Kaiser, Dominik; Lueders, Tillmann; Schnell, Sylvia; Egert, Markus (2017-07-19). "Microbiome analysis and confocal microscopy of used kitchen sponges reveal massive colonization by Acinetobacter , Moraxella and Chryseobacterium species". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 5791. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7.5791C. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-06055-9. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5517580. PMID 28725026.
  54. ↑ Brands, Britta; Honisch, Marlitt; Merettig, Nadine; Bichler, Sandra; Stamminger, Rainer; Kinnius, Jörg; Seifert, Monika; Hardacker, Ingo; Kessler, Arnd (2016-03-14). "Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Microbial Communities in Household Dishwashers in Germany". Tenside Surfactants Detergents. 53 (2): 112–118. doi:10.3139/113.110415. ISSN 0932-3414. S2CID 101776055.
  55. ↑ Callewaert, Chris; Van Nevel, Sam; Kerckhof, Frederiek-Maarten; Granitsiotis, Michael S.; Boon, Nico (2015-01-01). "Bacterial Exchange in Household Washing Machines". Frontiers in Microbiology. 6: 1381. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.01381. PMC 4672060. PMID 26696989.
  56. ↑ Adams, Rachel I.; Bateman, Ashley C.; Bik, Holly M.; Meadow, James F. (2015). "Microbiota of the indoor environment: a meta-analysis". Microbiome. 3 (1): 49. doi:10.1186/s40168-015-0108-3. ISSN 2049-2618. PMC 4604073. PMID 26459172.
  57. ↑ Pakpour, Sepideh; Scott, James A.; Turvey, Stuart E.; Brook, Jeffrey R.; Takaro, Timothy K.; Sears, Malcolm R.; Klironomos, John (2016). "Presence of Archaea in the Indoor Environment and Their Relationships with Housing Characteristics" (PDF). Microbial Ecology. 72 (2): 305–312. doi:10.1007/s00248-016-0767-z. hdl:1721.1/103800. ISSN 0095-3628. PMID 27098176. S2CID 13255963.
  58. ↑ Peccia, Jordan; Kwan, Sarah E. (2016). "Buildings, Beneficial Microbes, and Health". Trends in Microbiology. 24 (8): 595–597. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2016.04.007. ISSN 0966-842X. PMID 27397930.
  59. ↑ Shin, Hakdong; Pei, Zhiheng; Martinez, Keith A.; Rivera-Vinas, Juana I.; Mendez, Keimari; Cavallin, Humberto; Dominguez-Bello, Maria G. (2015). "The first microbial environment of infants born by C-section: the operating room microbes". Microbiome. 3 (1): 59. doi:10.1186/s40168-015-0126-1. ISSN 2049-2618. PMC 4665759. PMID 26620712.
  60. ↑ Casas, Lidia; Tischer, Christina; Täubel, Martin (2016). "Pediatric Asthma and the Indoor Microbial Environment". Current Environmental Health Reports. 3 (3): 238–249. doi:10.1007/s40572-016-0095-y. ISSN 2196-5412. PMID 27230430. S2CID 18672419.
  61. ↑ Fujimura, Kei E.; Lynch, Susan V. (2015). "Microbiota in Allergy and Asthma and the Emerging Relationship with the Gut Microbiome". Cell Host & Microbe. 17 (5): 592–602. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2015.04.007. ISSN 1931-3128. PMC 4443817. PMID 25974301.
  62. ↑ Stein, Michelle M.; Hrusch, Cara L.; Gozdz, Justyna; Igartua, Catherine; Pivniouk, Vadim; Murray, Sean E.; Ledford, Julie G.; Santos, Mauricius Marques dos; Anderson, Rebecca L. (2016-08-03). "Innate Immunity and Asthma Risk in Amish and Hutterite Farm Children". New England Journal of Medicine. 375 (5): 411–421. doi:10.1056/nejmoa1508749. PMC 5137793. PMID 27518660.
  63. ↑ Birzele, Lena T.; Depner, Martin; Ege, Markus J.; Engel, Marion; Kublik, Susanne; Bernau, Christoph; Loss, Georg J.; Genuneit, Jon; Horak, Elisabeth (2016-08-01). "Environmental and mucosal microbiota and their role in childhood asthma". Allergy. 72 (1): 109–119. doi:10.1111/all.13002. hdl:1874/359909. ISSN 1398-9995. PMID 27503830. S2CID 2577786.
  64. ↑ Fujimura, Kei E.; Demoor, Tine; Rauch, Marcus; Faruqi, Ali A.; Jang, Sihyug; Johnson, Christine C.; Boushey, Homer A.; Zoratti, Edward; Ownby, Dennis (2014-01-14). "House dust exposure mediates gut microbiome Lactobacillus enrichment and airway immune defense against allergens and virus infection". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 111 (2): 805–810. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111..805F. doi:10.1073/pnas.1310750111. ISSN 1091-6490. PMC 3896155. PMID 24344318.
  65. ↑ Hoisington, Andrew J.; Brenner, Lisa A.; Kinney, Kerry A.; Postolache, Teodor T.; Lowry, Christopher A. (2015). "The microbiome of the built environment and mental health". Microbiome. 3 (1): 60. doi:10.1186/s40168-015-0127-0. ISSN 2049-2618. PMC 4682225. PMID 26674771.
  66. ↑ "ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases" (PDF). ASHRAE. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
  67. ↑ "About the Study – Microbiomes of the Built Environment".
  68. ↑ Glass, Elizabeth M.; Dribinsky, Yekaterina; Yilmaz, Pelin; Levin, Hal; Van Pelt, Robert; Wendel, Doug; Wilke, Andreas; Eisen, Jonathan A.; Huse, Sue (2014-01-01). "MIxS-BE: a MIxS extension defining a minimum information standard for sequence data from the built environment". The ISME Journal. 8 (1): 1–3. doi:10.1038/ismej.2013.176. ISSN 1751-7362. PMC 3869023. PMID 24152717.
  69. ↑ Ramos, Tiffanie; Stephens, Brent (2014-11-01). "Tools to improve built environment data collection for indoor microbial ecology investigations". Building and Environment. 81: 243–257. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.07.004.
  70. ↑ Fierer, N.; Lauber, C. L.; Zhou, N.; McDonald, D.; Costello, E. K.; Knight, R. (2010). "Forensic identification using skin bacterial communities". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (14): 6477–6481. doi:10.1073/pnas.1000162107. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2852011. PMID 20231444.
  71. ↑ Meadow, James F.; Altrichter, Adam E.; Green, Jessica L. (2014). "Mobile phones carry the personal microbiome of their owners". PeerJ. 2: e447. doi:10.7717/peerj.447. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 4081285. PMID 25024916.
  72. ↑ Diekmann, Nina; Burghartz, Melanie; Remus, Lars; Kaufholz, Anna-Lena; Nawrath, Thorben; Rohde, Manfred; Schulz, Stefan; Roselius, Louisa; Schaper, Jörg (2012-11-23). "Microbial communities related to volatile organic compound emission in automobile air conditioning units". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 97 (19): 8777–8793. doi:10.1007/s00253-012-4564-4. ISSN 0175-7598. PMID 23179618. S2CID 17782555.
  73. ↑ Park, SangJun; Kim, EuiYong (2014). "Determination of Malodor-causing Chemicals Produced by Microorganisms Inside Automobile". KSBB Journal. 29 (2): 118–123. doi:10.7841/ksbbj.2014.29.2.118.
  74. ↑ Hoisington, Andrew; Maestre, Juan P.; Siegel, Jeffrey A.; Kinney, Kerry A. (2014). "Exploring the microbiome of the built environment: A primer on four biological methods available to building professionals". HVAC&R Research. 20 (1): 167–175. doi:10.1080/10789669.2013.840524. ISSN 1078-9669. S2CID 108747778.
This article is issued from Offline. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.