Pharmacological torture

Pharmacological torture is the use of psychotropic or other drugs to punish or extract information from a person.[1] The aim is to force compliance by causing distress, which could be in the form of pain, anxiety, psychological disturbance, immobilization, or disorientation.[1]

One form of this torture involves forcibly injecting a person with addictive drugs in order to induce physical dependence. The drug is then withdrawn, and, once the person is in withdrawal, the interrogation is started. If the person complies with the torturer's demands, the drug is reintroduced, relieving the person's withdrawal symptoms.[2]

Alleged use

Brazil

In Brazil, pharmacological torture involved the injection of alcohol into the tongue in the 1940s, the injection of either into the scrotum in the 1960s, and drugs were used to cause strong contractions in the 1970s. Also, muscle relaxants were used to minimize muscular rigidity and bone fractures caused by electric shock in the 1970s.[3]

Iran

Amir Mirza Hekmati accused Iran of torturing him with forced drug withdrawal sometime during his captivity between 2011 and 2016 for being an alleged CIA agent.[4]

Romania

In the 1960s, prisoners were reportedly given drugs to make them talk in their sleep.[5]

South Africa

In 2013, leaked video footage shot inside South Africa's Mangaung Prison showed a prisoner with no record of mental illness being forcibly injected, apparently with anti-psychotic drugs.[6] The Legal Resources Centre, a non-governmental organization, is representing 13 clients who allege they were forcibly injected with the drugs.[7]

Soviet Union

In the former Soviet Union, drugs were advised to be used as a form of punishment under the guise of "helping" in psychiatric institutions and most likely whenever it fit. Haloperidol, an antipsychotic medication, was a preferred agent. See Diagnosis.[8] Furthermore, patients were illuded to believe that their torturous state was of their own making.[9] It was used to induce intense restlessness,Parkinson's-type symptoms and overwhelming Apathy; Rendering the subjects unfit for public presentation in the process. [10] Another antipsychotic medication, chlorpromazine (trade name Thorazine™), was also used to induce grogginess, sedation, and (in high doses) vegetative states. Other alleged uses of pharmacological torture included:

United States

In the United States, in a series of hearings in the fall and winter of 1977, Congressional committees drew forth disclosure of project MKULTRA, which was most active between 1953 and 1966 and conducted experiments that included the CIA agents administering LSD and Truth Serum to soldiers, citizens, and foreign nationals without their knowledge or consent. Activities of MKULTRA resulted in at least one death, that of Frank Olson, an army scientist who was given LSD without his knowledge, and committed suicide as a result of his experience.[11][12]

In 1953 Harold Blauer died in a New York State psychiatric institute after doctors there administered 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine derivatives to him without his consent, as part of a 1950s secret program run by the US army that tested chemical warfare agents on US citizens.[13]

Uruguay

In Uruguay, people have allegedly been paralyzed using curare derivatives.[10]

See also

Bibliography

  • Darius Rejali (8 June 2009). Torture and Democracy. Princeton University Press. pp. 390–. ISBN 978-1-4008-3087-9.

References

  1. 1 2 "Pharmacological Torture" World Problems Online. Union of International Associations
  2. ↑ Rejali 2009, p. 73.
  3. ↑ Rejali 2009, p. 309.
  4. ↑ Former Marine Amir Hekmati sues Iran for alleged torture CNN, May 11, 2016
  5. ↑ Rejali 2009, p. 396.
  6. ↑ "'Shocking' abuse claims at South Africa's Mangaung prison". BBC. 2013-10-28. Retrieved 2015-12-01.
  7. ↑ "Tortured Mangaung prisoners seek justice". Legal Resources Centre. 2015-11-27. Retrieved 2015-12-01.
  8. ↑ "Sluggish schizophrenia".
  9. ↑ wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaslighting
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Rejali 2009.
  11. ↑ John M. Crewdson and Jo Thomas for the New York Times. September 20, 1977. Abuses in Testing Of Drugs by C.I.A. To Be Panel Focus; Senate Panel to Focus on C.I.A. Actions
  12. ↑ Joint Hearing Before the Select Committee on Intelligence and the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources. United States Senate, Ninety-Fifth Congress, First Session August 3, 1977 Project MKULTRA, The CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification.
  13. ↑ Associated Press in the Los Angeles Times. May 6, 1987 $700,000 Awarded to Estate of Army Drug Test Victim
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