Baker's cyst

Baker's cyst
Other names: Popliteal cyst,[1] Morant Baker cyst
Ultrasound image of Baker's cyst[2]
SpecialtyOrthopedics
SymptomsNone, swelling behind the knee, stiffness, pain[1][3]
ComplicationsDeep vein thrombosis, peripheral neuropathy, ischemia, compartment syndrome[3][4]
Usual onsetGradual[1]
Risk factorsKnee problems such as osteoarthritis, meniscal tears, rheumatoid arthritis[1][4][5]
Diagnostic methodConfirmed by ultrasound or MRI[4]
Differential diagnosisDeep venous thrombosis, aneurysms, ganglion, tumors[1]
TreatmentSupportive care, aspiration, surgery[1]
Frequencyc. 20%[3][4]

A Baker's cyst, also known as a popliteal cyst, is a type of fluid collection behind the knee.[5] Often there are no symptoms.[3] If symptoms do occur these may include swelling and pain behind the knee, or knee stiffness.[1] If the cyst breaks open, pain may significantly increase with swelling of the calf.[1] Rarely complications such as deep vein thrombosis, peripheral neuropathy, ischemia, or compartment syndrome may occur.[3][4]

Risk factors include other knee problems such as osteoarthritis, meniscal tears, or rheumatoid arthritis.[1][4][5] The underlying mechanism involves the flow of synovial fluid from the knee joint to the gastrocnemio-semimembranosus bursa, resulting in its expansion.[1] The diagnosis may be confirmed with ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).[4]

Treatment is initially with supportive care.[1] If this is not effective aspiration and steroid injection or surgical removal may be carried out.[1] Around 20% of people have a Baker's cyst.[3][4] They occur most commonly in those 35 to 70 years old.[5] It is named after the surgeon who first described it in 1877, William Morrant Baker (1838–1896).[6][2]

Signs and symptoms

Symptoms may include swelling behind the knee, stiffness, and pain.[1] If the cyst breaks open, pain may increase, and there may be swelling of the calf.[1] Rupture of a Baker's cyst may also cause bruising below the medial malleolus of the ankle (Crescent sign).

Cause

In adults, Baker's cysts usually arise from almost any form of knee arthritis (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis) or cartilage (particularly a meniscus) tear. Baker's cysts in children do not point to underlying joint disease. Baker's cysts arise between the tendons of the medial head of the gastrocnemius and the semimembranosus muscles. They are posterior to the medial femoral condyle.

The synovial sac of the knee joint can, under certain circumstances, produce a posterior bulge, into the popliteal space, the space behind the knee. When this bulge becomes large enough, it becomes palpable and cystic. Most Baker's cysts maintain this direct communication with the synovial cavity of the knee, but sometimes, the new cyst pinches off. A Baker's cyst can rupture and produce acute pain behind the knee and in the calf and swelling of the calf muscles.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is by examination. A Baker's cyst is easier to see from behind with the patient standing with knees fully extended. It is most easily palpated (felt) with the knee partially flexed. Diagnosis is confirmed by ultrasonography, although if needed and there is no suspicion of a popliteal artery aneurysm then aspiration of synovial fluid from the cyst may be undertaken with care. An MRI image can reveal presence of a Baker's cyst.

An infrequent but potentially life-threatening complication, which may need to be excluded by blood tests and ultrasonography, is a deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Quick assessment of the possibility of DVT may be required where a Baker's cyst has compressed vascular structures, causing leg edema, as this sets up conditions for a DVT to develop.

A burst cyst commonly causes calf pain, swelling and redness that may mimic thrombophlebitis.

  • A specimen from a cadaver of a Baker's cyst in popliteal space
    A specimen from a cadaver of a Baker's cyst in popliteal space
  • Baker's cyst on axial MRI with communicating channel between the semimembranosus muscle and the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle.
    Baker's cyst on axial MRI with communicating channel between the semimembranosus muscle and the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle.
  • Baker's cyst on MRI, sagittal image
    Baker's cyst on MRI, sagittal image
  • Baker's cyst on MRI, sagittal image
    Baker's cyst on MRI, sagittal image

Treatment

Baker's cysts usually require no treatment unless they are symptomatic. It is very rare that the symptoms are actually coming from the cyst. In most cases, there is another disorder in the knee (arthritis, meniscal (cartilage) tear, etc.) that is causing the problem. Initial treatment should be directed at correcting the source of the increased fluid production. Often rest and leg elevation are all that is needed. If necessary, the cyst can be aspirated to reduce its size, then injected with a corticosteroid to reduce inflammation. Surgical excision is reserved for cysts that cause a great amount of discomfort to the patient. A ruptured cyst is treated with rest, leg elevation, and injection of a corticosteroid into the knee.

Baker's cysts in children, unlike in older people, nearly always disappear with time, and rarely require excision.

Ice pack therapy may sometimes be an effective way of controlling the pain related to Baker's cyst. Heat is also commonly used. A knee brace can offer support giving the feeling of stability in the joint.

Exercise

Many activities can put strain on the knee, and cause pain in the case of Baker's cyst. Avoiding activities such as squatting, kneeling, heavy lifting, climbing, and even running can help prevent pain. Despite this, some exercises can help relieve pain, and a physiotherapist may instruct on stretching and strengthening the quadriceps and/or the patellar ligament.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Hubbard, MJ; Hildebrand, BA; Battafarano, MM; Battafarano, DF (June 2018). "Common Soft Tissue Musculoskeletal Pain Disorders". Primary Care. 45 (2): 289–303. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2018.02.006. PMID 29759125.
  2. 1 2 BANERJEE, KAUSHIK (2 May 2016). HANDBOOK FOR ORTHOPAEDICS EXAMINATION: THEORY & PRACTICAL. Academic Publishers. p. 177. ISBN 978-93-83420-85-8.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ferri, Fred F. (2015). Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2016 E-Book: 5 Books in 1. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 200. ISBN 9780323378222. Archived from the original on 2021-08-27. Retrieved 2020-06-04.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Herman, AM; Marzo, JM (August 2014). "Popliteal cysts: a current review". Orthopedics. 37 (8): e678-84. doi:10.3928/01477447-20140728-52. PMID 25102502. S2CID 35470933.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Foris, LA; Bhimji, SS (January 2018). "Cyst, Baker". PMID 28613525. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. ↑ "William Morrant Baker". Who Named It. Archived from the original on 2015-08-05. Retrieved 2006-10-14.
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