Potassium permanganate (medical use)

For broader coverage of this topic, see Potassium permanganate.
Potassium permanganate
Names
Trade namesPermitabs,[1] others
IUPAC name
  • Potassium manganate(VII)
Clinical data
WHO AWaReUnlinkedWikibase error: ⧼unlinkedwikibase-error-statements-entity-not-set⧽
Routes of
use		Topical
Defined daily dosenot established [2]
Chemical and physical data
FormulaKMnO4
Molar mass158.032
3D model (JSmol)
SMILES
  • [O-][Mn](=O)(=O)=O.[K+]
InChI
  • InChI=1S/K.Mn.4O/q+1;;;;;-1
  • Key:VZJVWSHVAAUDKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Potassium permanganate is used as a medication for a number of skin conditions.[3] This includes fungal infections of the foot, impetigo, pemphigus, superficial wounds, dermatitis, and tropical ulcers.[4][3] For tropical ulcers it is used together with procaine benzylpenicillin.[3] Typically it is used in skin conditions that produce a lot of liquid.[4] It can be applied as a soaked dressing or a bath.[3]

Side effects may include irritation of the skin and discoloration of clothing.[3] If it is taken by mouth, toxicity and death may occur.[5] Potassium permanganate is an oxidizing agent.[6] The British National Formulary recommends that each 100 mg be dissolved in a liter of water before use.[4]

Potassium permanganate was first made in the 1600s and came into common medical use at least as early as the 1800s.[7] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[8] The wholesale cost in the developing world is about 0.01 USD per g.[9] In the United Kingdom this amount costs the NHS about £1.33.[4]

Medical uses

Uses include for fungal infections of the foot, impetigo, pemphigus, superficial wounds, dermatitis (eczema), and tropical ulcers.[4][3] Typically it is used in skin conditions that produce a lot of liquid.[4] For tropical ulcers it is used together with procaine benzylpenicillin for two to four weeks.[3][10]

It can be used in children and adults.[10] It can be applied as a soaked dressing or a bath.[3] Petroleum jelly may be used on the nails before soaking to prevent their discoloration.[1] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration does not recommend its use in either the crystal or tablet form.[11]

Dosage

The defined daily dose is not established[2]

Side effects

Topical

Side effects may include irritation of the skin and discoloration of clothing.[3] A harsh burn on a child from an undissolved tablet has been reported.[12] For treating eczema, it is recommended using for a few days at a time due to the possibility of it irritating the skin.[12] Higher concentration solutions can result in chemical burns.[13] Therefore, the British National Formulary recommends 100 mg be dissolved in a liter of water before use to form a 1:10,000 (0.01%) solution.[4][12] Wrapping the dressings soaked with potassium permanganate is not recommended.[10]

By mouth

If taken by mouth it is deemed to be very toxic.[14] Side effects may include nausea, vomiting, and shortness of breath may occur.[15] If a sufficiently large amount (about 10 grams) is eaten death may occur.[5][15]

Concentrated solutions when drunk have resulted in adult respiratory distress syndrome or swelling of the airway.[16] Recommended measures for those who have ingested potassium permanganate include gastroscopy.[16] Activated charcoal or medications to cause vomiting are not recommended.[16] While medications like ranitidine and N-acetylcysteine may be used in toxicity, evidence for this use is poor.[16]

Mechanism of action

Potassium permanganate functions as an oxidising agent.[17] Through this mechanism it results in disinfection, astringent effects, and decreased smell.[17]

History

Potassium permanganate was first made in the 1600s and came into common medical use at least as early as the 1800s.[7] During World War I Canadian soldiers were given potassium permanganate in an effort to prevent sexually transmitted infections.[18] Some have attempted to bring about an abortion by putting it in the vagina, though this is not effective.[19][20][21] Other historical uses have included as an effort to wash out the stomach in those with strychnine or picrotoxin poisoning.[22]

Society and culture

In the United States the FDA requires tablets of the medication to be sold by prescription.[11] Potassium permanganate, however, does not have FDA approved uses and therefore non medical grade potassium permanganate is sometimes used for medical use.

It is available under a number of brand names including Permasol, Koi Med Tricho-Ex, and Kalii permanganas RFF.[23] It is occasionally called "Condy's crystals".[17]

Other animals

Potassium permanganate may be used to prevent the spread of glanders among horses.[24]

References

  1. 1 2 Burge, Susan; Wallis, Dinny (2011). Oxford Handbook of Medical Dermatology. OUP Oxford. p. 592. ISBN 9780199558322. Archived from the original on 2020-03-14. Retrieved 2017-10-12.
  2. 1 2 "WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index". www.whocc.no. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 World Health Organization (2009). Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR (eds.). WHO Model Formulary 2008. World Health Organization. pp. 295, 300. hdl:10665/44053. ISBN 9789241547659.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 British Medical Association; Royal Pharmaceutical Society (2015). British national formulary (69 ed.). p. 840. ISBN 9780857111562.
  5. 1 2 Shai, Avi; Maibach, Howard I. (2005). Wound Healing and Ulcers of the Skin: Diagnosis and Therapy - The Practical Approach. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 265. ISBN 9783540267614. Archived from the original on 2017-09-18.
  6. ↑ Kasture, A. V.; Wadodkar, S. G.; Gokhale, S. B. (2008). Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry - I. Nirali Prakashan. ISBN 9788185790442. Archived from the original on 2017-01-16.
  7. 1 2 Stout, Meg (2013). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Aquaponic Gardening. Penguin. p. Chapter 16. ISBN 9781615643332. Archived from the original on 2017-01-16.
  8. ↑ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  9. ↑ "Potassium Permanganate". International Drug Price Indicator Guide. Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
  10. 1 2 3 "WHO Model Prescribing Information: Drugs Used in Skin Diseases: Antiseptic agents: Potassium permanganate". apps.who.int. Archived from the original on 30 September 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
  11. 1 2 "CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21". www.accessdata.fda.gov. Archived from the original on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
  12. 1 2 3 "Should potassium permanganate be used in wound care?". Nursing Times. 5 August 2003. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
  13. ↑ Olson, Kent R. (2011). Poisoning and Drug Overdose, Sixth Edition. McGraw Hill Professional. p. 121. ISBN 9780071716765. Archived from the original on 2019-01-24. Retrieved 2017-10-11.
  14. ↑ Schachner, Lawrence A.; Hansen, Ronald C. (2011). Pediatric Dermatology E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 131. ISBN 0723436657. Archived from the original on 2019-08-15. Retrieved 2017-10-12.
  15. 1 2 Patnaik, Pradyot (2007). A Comprehensive Guide to the Hazardous Properties of Chemical Substances. John Wiley & Sons. p. 710. ISBN 9780471714583. Archived from the original on 2019-08-15. Retrieved 2017-10-11.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Dart, Richard C. (2004). Medical Toxicology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 904–905. ISBN 9780781728454. Archived from the original on 2019-08-15. Retrieved 2017-10-11.
  17. 1 2 3 "Potassium permanganate | DermNet New Zealand". www.dermnetnz.org. Archived from the original on 24 June 2017. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
  18. ↑ González-Crussi, F. (2008). A Short History of Medicine. Random House Publishing Group. p. 111. ISBN 9781588368218. Archived from the original on 2020-03-14. Retrieved 2017-10-11.
  19. ↑ Solinger, Rickie (2005). Pregnancy and Power: A Short History of Reproductive Politics in America. NYU Press. p. 120. ISBN 9780814741191. Archived from the original on 2019-01-24. Retrieved 2017-10-11.
  20. ↑ Code of Federal Regulations: Record 2: 2007-. U.S. General Services Administration, National Archives and Records Service, Office of the Federal Register. 2008. p. 178. Archived from the original on 2019-01-24. Retrieved 2017-10-11.
  21. ↑ "CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21". www.accessdata.fda.gov. Archived from the original on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
  22. ↑ "Potassium permanganate definition | Drugs.com". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
  23. ↑ "Potassium Permanganate - Drugs.com". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
  24. ↑ Scott, Danny W.; Miller, William H. (2010). Equine Dermatology - E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 168. ISBN 1437709214. Archived from the original on 2020-03-14. Retrieved 2017-10-11.
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