Thyroiditis

Thyroiditis
Above shows two parts of the thyroid that could potentially be affected if diagnosed with thyroiditis.
SpecialtyEndocrinology

Thyroiditis is the inflammation of the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is located on the front of the neck below the laryngeal prominence, and makes hormones that control metabolism.

Signs and symptoms

There are many different signs and symptoms for thyroiditis, none of which are exclusively limited to this disease. Many of the signs imitate symptoms of other diseases, so thyroiditis can sometimes be difficult to diagnose. Common hypothyroid symptoms manifest when thyroid cell damage is slow and chronic, and may include fatigue, weight gain, feeling "fuzzy headed", depression, dry skin, and constipation. Other, rarer symptoms include swelling of the legs, vague aches and pains, decreased concentration and so on. When conditions become more severe, depending on the type of thyroiditis, one may start to see puffiness around the eyes, slowing of the heart rate, a drop in body temperature, or even incipient heart failure. On the other hand, if the thyroid cell damage is acute, the thyroid hormone within the gland leaks out into the bloodstream causing symptoms of thyrotoxicosis, which is similar to those of hyperthyroidism. These symptoms include weight loss, irritability, anxiety, insomnia, fast heart rate, and fatigue. Elevated levels of thyroid hormone in the bloodstream cause both conditions, but thyrotoxicosis is the term used with thyroiditis since the thyroid gland is not overactive, as in the case of hyperthyroidism.[1][2]

Causes

Thyroiditis is generally caused by an immune system attack on the thyroid, resulting in inflammation and damage to the thyroid cells. This disease is often considered a malfunction of the immune system and can be associated with IgG4-related systemic disease, in which symptoms of autoimmune pancreatitis, retroperitoneal fibrosis and noninfectious aortitis also occur. Such is also the case in Riedel thyroiditis, an inflammation in which the thyroid tissue is replaced by fibrous tissue which can extend to neighbouring structures. Antibodies that attack the thyroid are what causes most types of thyroiditis. It can also be caused by an infection, like a virus or bacteria, which works in the same way as antibodies to cause inflammation in the glands, such as in the case of subacute granulomatous thyroiditis (de Quervain).[3] Certain people make thyroid antibodies, and thyroiditis can be considered an autoimmune disease, because the body acts as if the thyroid gland is foreign tissue.[4] Some drugs, such as interferon, lithium and amiodarone, can also cause thyroiditis because they have a tendency to damage thyroid cells.

Diagnosis

The most common and helpful way to diagnose thyroiditis is first for a physician to palpate the thyroid gland during a physical examination. Laboratory tests allow doctors to evaluate the patient for elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rates, elevated thyroglobulin levels, and depressed radioactive iodine uptake (Mather, 2007). Blood tests also help to determine the kind of thyroiditis and to see how much thyroid stimulating hormone the pituitary gland is producing and what antibodies are present in the body. In some cases, a biopsy may be needed to find out what is attacking the thyroid.

  • a) Grade 1 thyroiditis characterized by presence of increased number of lymphocytes b) Grade 2 thyroiditis shows the presence of Hurthle cells, epithelioid cells, giant cells, and anisonucleosis c) Grade 2 thyroiditis shows the presence of Hurthle cells with lymphocytic infiltration d) Grade 3 thyroiditis characterized by presence of florid lymphocytic infiltration
    a) Grade 1 thyroiditis characterized by presence of increased number of lymphocytes b) Grade 2 thyroiditis shows the presence of Hurthle cells, epithelioid cells, giant cells, and anisonucleosis c) Grade 2 thyroiditis shows the presence of Hurthle cells with lymphocytic infiltration d) Grade 3 thyroiditis characterized by presence of florid lymphocytic infiltration
  • Microscopic image showing inflammation of the thyroid tissue
    Microscopic image showing inflammation of the thyroid tissue

Classification

Thyroiditis is a group of disorders that all cause thyroidal inflammation. Forms of the disease are Hashimoto's thyroiditis, the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the US, postpartum thyroiditis, subacute thyroiditis, silent thyroiditis, drug-induced thyroiditis, radiation-induced thyroiditis, acute thyroiditis, and Riedel's thyroiditis.[1]

Each different type of this disease has its own causes, clinical features, diagnoses, durations, resolutions, conditions, and risks.

Treatment

Treatments for this disease depend on the type of thyroiditis that is diagnosed. For the most common type, which is known as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, the treatment is to immediately start hormone replacement. This prevents or corrects the hypothyroidism, and it also generally keeps the gland from getting bigger. However, Hashimoto's thyroiditis can initially present with excessive thyroid hormone being released from the thyroid gland (hyperthyroid). In this case the patient may only need bed rest and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications; however, some need steroids to reduce inflammation and to control palpitations. Also, doctors may prescribe beta blockers to lower the heart rate and reduce tremors, until the initial hyperthyroid period has resolved.[5]

Epidemiology

Most types of thyroiditis are three to five times more likely to be found in women than in men. The average age of onset is between thirty and fifty years of age. This disease tends to be geographical and seasonal, and is most common in summer and fall.[2]

History

Hashimoto's thyroiditis was first described by Japanese physician Hashimoto Hakaru working in Germany in 1912. Hashimoto's thyroiditis is also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, and patients with this disease often complain about difficulty swallowing. This condition may be so mild at first that the disease goes unnoticed for years. The first symptom that shows signs of Hashimoto's thyroiditis is a goiter on the front of the neck. Depending on the severity of the disease and how much it has progressed, doctors then decide what steps are taken for treatment.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Thyroiditis" (en). www.thyroid.org. American Thyroid Association. 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
  2. 1 2 "Thyroiditis". Familydoctor.org. American Academy of Family Physicians. Archived from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
  3. ↑ De Groot LJ, Nobuyuki A, Takashi A. "Hashimoto's Thryoiditis". TDM. Thyroid Disease Manager. Archived from the original on 12 July 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2008.
  4. ↑ Ferry, Robert (8 September 2007). "Hashimoto's Thyroiditis Symptoms, Diet, and Treatments". MedicineNet. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2008.
  5. ↑ Ross, Douglas. "Beta blockers in the treatment of hyperthyroidism". UpToDate. Wolters Kluwer. Archived from the original on 11 August 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
Classification
External resources
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