Sudden sniffing death syndrome

Sudden sniffing death syndrome
Other names: Sudden sniffing death, cardiac sensitization syndrome[1]
A man huffing an inhalant
SpecialtyToxicology
SymptomsSudden death[2]
Usual onsetWithin minutes to hours of use[3][4]
CausesInhalant misuse[2]
Risk factorsBeing startled, physical activity[2][5]
TreatmentCPR, defibrillation beta blockers[1]
PrognosisPoor[6]
Deaths50 to 100 per year (USA)[3][2]

Sudden sniffing death syndrome (SSDS) is sudden death due to inhalant misuse.[2] Onset is within minutes to hours of substance use.[3][4] Being startled or physical activity may trigger its onset.[2][5]

It most commonly occurs due to use of butane, propane, or aerosols.[3] It can occur after a single session of breathing in the chemicals; with about 20% of cases occur with first time use.[6][3] The underlying mechanism often involves an irregular heart rate, specifically ventricular fibrillation due to catecholamine release.[3][2] Other cases may result from lack of oxygen or an allergic reaction.[5]

Treatment is similar to other causes of atrial fibrillation with CPR and defibrillation, except epinephrine is not recommended and beta-blockers (such as esmolol) may be used.[2][1] Defibrillation; however, may not be effective initially.[4] Outcomes are generally poor.[6]

In the United States inhalants result in about 100 to 200 deaths per year.[3] About half of these are a result of SSDS.[2] In the United States those most commonly affected are young white males, despite similar use rates between the sexes.[5] The condition was first described in 1970 by Bass.[4]

References

  1. 1 2 3 Zimmerman, Janice L. (4 June 2021). Toxicology, An Issue of Critical Care Clinics, E-Book: Toxicology, An Issue of Critical Care Clinics, E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 693. ISBN 978-0-323-79454-1. Archived from the original on 15 July 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Anderson, Carrie E.; Loomis, Glenn A. (1 September 2003). "Recognition and Prevention of Inhalant Abuse". American Family Physician. 68 (5): 869–874. Archived from the original on 8 May 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "What are the other medical consequences of inhalant abuse?". National Institute on Drug Abuse. 2023. Archived from the original on 6 May 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  4. 1 2 3 4 George, N; Chin, B; Neeki, AS; Dong, F; Neeki, MM (November 2021). "Acute Inhalant-Induced Atrial Fibrillation With Severe Hypocalcemia: A Case Report and Review of the Pathophysiology". Cureus. 13 (11): e19897. doi:10.7759/cureus.19897. PMID 34966608.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Bowen, Scott E. (24 May 2011). "Two Serious and Challenging Medical Complications Associated with Volatile Substance Misuse: Sudden Sniffing Death and Fetal Solvent Syndrome". Substance Use & Misuse. 46 (sup1): 68–72. doi:10.3109/10826084.2011.580220.
  6. 1 2 3 Miller, Norman S.; Gold, Mark S. (26 July 2011). Addictive Disorders in Medical Populations. John Wiley & Sons. p. PT635. ISBN 978-1-119-95630-3. Archived from the original on 15 July 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
This article is issued from Offline. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.