Which Raspberry operating systems are there as SD card image?

Question

Which Raspberry operating systems are available for download as an SD card image and what size should the SD card have to run it?

Related: Definitive list of OS, but I want ready to use SD card images only.

How is this different from http://raspberrypi.stackexchange.com/questions/534/definitive-list-of-operating-systems?noredirect=1&lq=1? Instead of turning this into a second highly related question, why can't you edit the other question and add the SD card details to that question's answers. Not to mention it would be shorter to go the other (list the non SD card images)way as almost all are SD card images. — Steve Robillard, Aug 28 '16 at 23:19
Having too largely identical questions that are intended to be canonical will quickly dissolve into a divergent mess. Your criteria of an SD card image adds little as most of them are distributed that way. As I said above you would be better off listing the ones that don't and adding that info to the other question. — Steve Robillard, Aug 28 '16 at 23:31

score 2 · Answer 1 · edited Apr 13 '17 at 12:56

Noobs

Download

Is actually an operating system installer, not an OS itself.

Raspbian

Official download.

A Debian derivative. Available as a normal version (4 GB card needed) and Lite version (512 MB).

Ubuntu Mate

Download

Based on Ubuntu.

ArchLinux

Download

Lightweight Linux distribution. Images are no longer maintained for Raspberry. Installation is done from tarballs now with manual setup of partitions and file systems, see here.