Flag of Latvia

The national flag of Latvia (Latvian: Latvijas karogs) was used by independent Latvia from 1918 until the country was occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940. Its use was suppressed during Soviet rule. On 27 February 1990, shortly before the country regained its independence, the Latvian government re-adopted the traditional red-white-red flag.

Republic of Latvia
UseCivil and state flag, civil ensign Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag Reverse side is congruent with obverse side
Proportion1:2
Adopted15 June 1921
Restored on 27 February 1990
DesignA carmine red field bisected by a narrow white stripe (one-fifth the width of the flag)
Designed byAnsis Cīrulis
UseNaval ensign Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag Reverse side is congruent with obverse side
Proportion2:3
Adopted1991
DesignWhite field with Saint George's cross voided in the colors of the State Flag (the width of the arms of the cross is 1/5 of the flag width).
UseNaval jack Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag Reverse side is mirror image of obverse side
Proportion2:3

Though officially adopted in 1921, the Latvian flag was in use as early as the 13th century. The red colour is sometimes described as symbolizing the readiness of the Latvians to give the blood from their hearts for freedom and their willingness to defend their sovereignty. An alternative interpretation, according to the Rhymed Chronicle of Livonia, is that a Latgalian leader was wounded in battle, and sheet on which he was laid on were stained by his blood with only the centre stripe of the sheet being left unstained. This story is similar to the legend of the origins of the flag of Austria.

History
Stamp commemorating the centenary of Latvia, with Ansis Cīrulis holding his design for the Latvian flag.

The red-white-red Latvian flag is first mentioned in the medieval Rhymed Chronicle of Livonia (Livländische Reimchronik),[1] which covers the period from 1180 to 1343, and is thus among the oldest flags in the world. The chronicle tells of a battle that took place around 1279, in which ancient Latgalian tribes from Cēsis, a city in the northern part of modern-day Latvia, went to war, bearing a red flag with a white stripe.[2]

Legend recounts the story of the mortally wounded chief of Latgalians who was wrapped in a white sheet. The part of the sheet on which he was lying remained white, but the two edges were stained in his blood. During the next battle the bloodstained sheet was used as a flag. According to the legend this time the Latgalian warriors were successful and drove the enemy away. Ever since then Latgalian tribes have used these colours.

Based on the aforementioned historical record, the present day flag design was adapted by artist Ansis Cīrulis in May 1917. The Latvian national flag, together with the national coat of arms was affirmed in this format by a special parliamentary decree of the Republic of Latvia passed on 15 June 1921.

Occupation
Main article: Flag of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic
A variation appeared in Anti-Soviet demonstrations.[3]

During the Soviet period by the Soviet Union (and briefly during occupation by Nazi Germany), the red-white-red Latvian flag was rendered unusable from 1940 to 1941 and 1944 to 1991. Any production and public display of the nationalist Latvian flag was considered anti-state crime and punishable by law. The first flag of Soviet Latvia was a red flag with the gold hammer and sickle in the top-left corner, with the Latin characters LPSR (Latvijas Padomju Sociālistiskā Republika) above them in gold in a serif font. In 1953, the final version of the flag was adopted. It depicts the Soviet flag with six 1/3 blue wavy bands representing the sea on the bottom.

Restoration

Under the influence of Mikhail Gorbachev's glasnost and perestroika initiatives, the flag of independent Latvia was restored on 15 February 1990,[4] one and a half years before the formal recognition of Latvian independence.

Colours and proportions

Per Latvian law, The Latvian national flag is carmine red with a white horizontal stripe. (Latvian: tumši sarkana (karmin))[5] The colour on the flag is sometimes referred to as Latvian red. The red colour of the Latvian flag is a particularly dark shade, which is composed of brown and purple. The flag's colour proportions are 2:1:2 (the upper and lower red bands each being twice as wide as the central white band), and the ratio of the height of the flag to its width is fixed at 1:2.

Flag colors
Proportions and colours of the flag in Pantone
White Red Red (Fabric)
Pantone White 201 C[6] 19-1629 TPX or 19-1629 TC
RGB Red = 255
Green = 255
Blue = 255
Hex = #FFFFFF		 Red = 157
Green = 34
Blue = 53
Hex = #9D2235		 Red = 119
Green = 53
Blue = 61
Hex = #77353D
CMYK Cyan = 0%
Magenta = 0%
Yellow = 0%
Black = 0%		 Cyan = 0%
Magenta = 78%
Yellow = 66%
Black = 38%		 Cyan = 37%
Magenta = 83%
Yellow = 63%
Black = 36%

Display of the flag
Flagpole

Latvian law states that the flag and national colours can be displayed and used as an ornament if proper respect to the flag is guaranteed. Destruction, disrespectful treatment or incorrect display of the flag is punishable by law.

The flag shall be placed at least 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) above the ground and properly secured to the flagstaff. The flagstaff shall be longer than the longest side of the flag, straight, painted white, and preferably made of wood. The finial at the tip of the flagstaff shall be wider than the flagstaff. Where the flag is not displayed continuously, it shall be raised at sunrise and lowered at sunset. If flown for a festival or funeral, it shall be raised before and lowered after the end of the occasion.

If the flag is flown from a flagpole in mourning, it shall be raised to half-staff. If fixed to a flagstaff, a black ribbon whose width is 1⁄20 the width of the flag shall be secured to the flagstaff above the flag; the ribbon shall be of sufficient length to span the width of the flag.

Flag days
  • 25 March (in mourning) — In memory of victims of communist genocide
  • 1 May — Constitution Day, Labour Day
  • 4 May — Restoration of Independence (1990)
  • 14 June (in mourning) — In memory of victims of communist genocide
  • 17 June (in mourning) — Beginning of the Soviet occupation in Latvia
  • 4 July (in mourning) — In memory of victims of the Holocaust (See: The Holocaust in Latvia)
  • 11 November — Lāčplēsis Day
  • 18 November — Independence Day (1918)
  • First Sunday in December (in mourning) — In memory of victims of communist genocide

Official standards
  • Presidential standard of Latvia
    Presidential standard of Latvia
  • Standard of the prime minister of Latvia
    Standard of the prime minister of Latvia
  • Standard of the speaker of the Saeima of Latvia
    Standard of the speaker of the Saeima of Latvia
  • Standard of the minister of defence of Latvia
    Standard of the minister of defence of Latvia

Presidential standard of Latvia
Latvian presidential standard at the presidential chancellery, House of the Blackheads.

The standard of the president is white with the rectangular cross in the colour proportions of the national flag. The centre of the cross covering a white rectangular panel bearing the coat of arms of Latvia. The height of the coat of arms is 1⁄3 of the width of the Standard, the centre of the sun depicted on the shield of the coat of arms is in the centre of the Standard. The proportion between the width of the national colours and that of the Standard is 1:5. The proportion between the length and width of the Standard is 3:2.

Standard of the prime minister of Latvia

The standard of the prime minister is white with the symmetric cross in the colour proportions of the national flag. In top left canton of the flag the coat of arms is placed. The height of coat of arms is 5⁄6 of the height of canton, sun of coat of arms is in centre of canton. The proportion between the width of the national colours and that of the Banner is 1:5. The proportion between the length and width of the Banner is 3:2.

Standard of the speaker of the Saeima

The standard of the speaker of the Saeima is white with the symmetric cross in the colour proportions of the national flag. In top right canton of the flag the coat of arms is placed. The height of the coat of arms is 5⁄6 of the height of the canton; the sun of coat of arms is in the centre of the canton. The proportion between the width of the national colours and that of the Banner is 1:5. The proportion between the length and width of the Banner is 3:2.

Standard of the minister of defence of Latvia

The flag of the defence minister is white with the symmetric cross in the colour proportions of the national flag. In top left canton of the flag the soldier insignia is placed. The height of insignia is 3⁄5 of the height of canton. The proportion between the width of the national colours and that of the Banner is 1:5. The proportion between the length and width of the Banner is 3:2.

See also

References
  1. Livlädische Reimchronik Archived 2014-12-15 at the Wayback Machine: die quâmen hovelîchen dar / mit einer banier rôtgevar,/ daß was mit wîße durch gesniten/ hûte nâch wendischen siten./ Wenden ist ein burc genant,/ von den die banier wart bekant,/ und ist in Letten lant gelegen,/ dâ die vrowen rîtens pflegen/ nâch den siten, als die man./ vor wâr ich ûch daß sagen kan,/ die banier der Letten ist. (09223-09233)
  2. Volker Preuß. "National Flagge des Lettland" (in German). Retrieved 2003-04-27.
  3. "Latvia - History of Flag". Flags of the World. Retrieved 2023-01-06.
  4. Dzintra Stelpe (2009). Lielā Latvijas Enciklopēdija (in Latvian). Riga: Zvaigzne ABC. p. 263. ISBN 9789984408095. OCLC 644036298.
  5. Latvijas valsts karogs ir karmīnsarkans ar baltu horizontālu svītru. (The Latvian national flag is carmine red with a white horizontal stripe.)"Latvijas valsts karoga likums (The Latvian flag law)" (in Latvian). The Saeima (legislature) of Latvia. 17 November 2009. Archived from the original on 27 November 2010.
  6. "Latvijas valsts karoga likuma piemērošanas noteikumi".
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