12th Canadian Parliament

The 12th Canadian Parliament was in session from 15 November 1911 until 6 October 1917. The membership was set by the 1911 federal election on 21 September 1911, and it changed only somewhat due to resignations and by-elections until it was dissolved prior to the 1917 election. At 5 years, 10 months and 22 days, it was the longest parliament in Canadian history. The parliament was extended beyond the normal limit of five years by the British North America Act, 1916 as a result of World War I.

12th Parliament of Canada
Majority parliament
15 November 1911 – 6 October 1917
Parliament leaders
Prime
Minister		Robert Borden
10 October 1911 – 10 July 1920
Cabinet9th Canadian Ministry
Leader of the
Opposition		Wilfrid Laurier
10 Oct. 1911 – 17 Feb. 1919
Party caucuses
GovernmentConservative Party
& Liberal-Conservative
OppositionLiberal Party
CrossbenchLabour
House of Commons

Seating arrangements of the House of Commons
Speaker of the
Commons		Thomas Simpson Sproule
15 November 1911 – 2 December 1915
Albert Sévigny
12 January 1916 – 7 January 1917
Edgar Nelson Rhodes
18 January 1917 – 5 March 1922
Senate
Speaker of the
Senate		Auguste Landry
23 October 1911 – 2 June 1916
Joseph Bolduc
3 June 1916 – 6 February 1922
Government
Senate Leader		James Alexander Lougheed
10 October 1911 – 28 December 1921
Opposition
Senate Leader		Richard John Cartwright
6 October 1911 – 24 September 1912
George William Ross
24 September 1912 – 7 March 1914
Hewitt Bostock
19 March 1914 – 1 January 1919
Sovereign
MonarchGeorge V
6 May 1910 – 20 January 1936
Governor
General		Prince Arthur
13 Oct. 1911 – 11 Nov. 1916
The Duke of Devonshire
11 Nov. 1916 – 11 Aug. 1921
Sessions
1st session
15 November 1911 – 1 April 1912
2nd session
21 November 1912 – 6 June 1913
3rd session
15 January 1914 – 12 June 1914
4th session
18 August 1914 – 22 August 1914
5th session
4 February 1915 – 15 April 1915
6th session
12 January 1916 – 18 May 1916
7th session
18 January 1917 – 20 September 1917
← 11th → 13th
Sir Robert Borden was Prime Minister during the 12th Canadian Parliament.

It was controlled by a Conservative/Liberal-Conservative majority under Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden and the 9th Canadian Ministry. The Official Opposition was the Liberal Party, led by Wilfrid Laurier. The last year of the wartime parliament was dominated by the Conscription Crisis of 1917. At the end of the parliament, a new ministry, the Union Government, was formed by Borden as a wartime coalition government including Liberals. Laurier refused to join and those Liberals who supported Borden took the name Liberal Unionists. The Union Government went on to win the 1917 federal election.

The Speaker was first Thomas Simpson Sproule, and later Albert Sévigny. See also List of Canadian electoral districts 1907-1914 for a list of the ridings in this parliament.

There were seven sessions of the 12th Parliament:

Session Start End
1st 15 November 1911 1 April 1912
2nd 21 November 1912 6 June 1913
3rd 15 January 1914 12 June 1914
4th 18 August 1914 22 August 1914
5th 4 February 1915 15 April 1915
6th 12 January 1916 18 May 1916
7th 18 January 1917 20 September 1917

List of members

Following is a full list of members of the twelfth Parliament listed first by province, then by electoral district.

Electoral districts denoted by an asterisk (*) indicates that district was represented by two members.

Alberta
Electoral district Name Party
Calgary Richard Bedford Bennett Conservative
Edmonton Frank Oliver Liberal
Macleod David Warnock Liberal
Medicine Hat William Ashbury Buchanan Liberal
Red Deer Michael Clark Liberal
Strathcona James McCrie Douglas Liberal
Victoria William Henry White Liberal

British Columbia
Electoral district Name Party
Comox—Atlin Herbert Sylvester Clements Conservative
Kootenay Arthur Samuel Goodeve (until 4 May 1912 railway appointment) Conservative
Robert Francis Green (by-election of 30 May 1912) Conservative
Nanaimo Francis Henry Shepherd Conservative
New Westminster James Davis Taylor Conservative
Vancouver City Henry Herbert Stevens Conservative
Victoria City George Henry Barnard Conservative
Yale—Cariboo Martin Burrell (until 10 October 1911 ministerial appointment) Conservative
Martin Burrell (by-election of 4 November 1911) Conservative

Manitoba
Electoral district Name Party
Brandon James Albert Manning Aikins Conservative
Dauphin Robert Cruise Liberal
Lisgar William Henry Sharpe Conservative
Macdonald William D. Staples (until 10 April 1912 commissioner appointment) Conservative
Alexander Morrison (by-election of 12 October 1912, until election voided 10 November 1913) Conservative
Alexander Morrison (by-election of 13 December 1913) Conservative
Marquette William James Roche (until 10 October 1911 Secretary of State appointment) Conservative
William James Roche (by-election of 27 October 1911) Conservative
Portage la Prairie Arthur Meighen (until 26 June 1913 Solicitor General appointment) Conservative
Arthur Meighen (by-election of 19 July 1913) Conservative
Provencher John Patrick Molloy Liberal
Selkirk George Henry Bradbury Conservative
Souris Frederick Laurence Schaffner Conservative
Winnipeg Alexander Haggart (resigned 11 October 1911) Conservative
Robert Rogers (by-election of 27 October 1911) Conservative

New Brunswick
Electoral district Name Party
Carleton Frank Broadstreet Carvell Liberal
Charlotte Thomas Aaron Hartt Conservative
City and County of St. John John Waterhouse Daniel (resigned 17 October 1911) Conservative
John Douglas Hazen (by-election of 27 October 1911) Conservative
City of St. John William Pugsley Liberal
Gloucester Onésiphore Turgeon Liberal
Kent Ferdinand-Joseph Robidoux Conservative
King's and Albert George William Fowler Conservative
Northumberland William Stewart Loggie Liberal
Restigouche James Reid Liberal
Sunbury—Queen's Hugh Havelock McLean Liberal
Victoria Pius Michaud Liberal
Westmorland Henry Emmerson (died 9 July 1914) Liberal
Arthur Bliss Copp (by-election of 1 February 1915) Liberal
York Oswald Smith Crocket (until 11 December 1913 judicial appointment) Conservative
Harry Fulton McLeod (by-election of 31 December 1913) Conservative

Nova Scotia
Electoral district Name Party
Annapolis Avard Longley Davidson Conservative
Antigonish William Chisholm Liberal
Cape Breton South William F. Carroll Liberal
Colchester John Stanfield Conservative
Cumberland Edgar Nelson Rhodes Conservative
Digby Clarence Jameson Conservative
Guysborough John Howard Sinclair Liberal
Halifax* Robert Laird Borden (until 10 October 1911 Prime Minister appointment) Conservative
Alexander Kenneth Maclean Liberal
Robert Laird Borden (by-election of 27 October 1911) Conservative
Hants Hadley Brown Tremain Conservative
Inverness Alexander William Chisholm Liberal
Kings Arthur de Witt Foster Conservative
Lunenburg Dugald Stewart Conservative
North Cape Breton and Victoria Daniel Duncan McKenzie Liberal
Pictou Edward Mortimer Macdonald Liberal
Richmond George William Kyte Liberal
Shelburne and Queen's Fleming Blanchard McCurdy Conservative
Yarmouth Bowman Brown Law Liberal
Bowman Brown Law died in the 1916 Parliament fire Vacant

Ontario
Electoral district Name Party
Algoma East William Ross Smyth Conservative
Algoma West Arthur Cyril Boyce Conservative
Brantford William Foster Cockshutt Conservative
Brant John Henry Fisher Conservative
Brockville John Webster Conservative
Bruce North Hugh Clark Conservative
Bruce South James J. Donnelly (until 26 May 1913 Senate appointment) Conservative
Reuben Eldridge Truax (by-election of 30 October 1913) Liberal
Carleton Edward Kidd (died 16 September 1912) Conservative
William Foster Garland (by-election of 30 October 1912) Conservative
Dufferin John Best Conservative
Dundas Andrew Broder Conservative
Durham Charles Jonas Thornton Conservative
Elgin East David Marshall Conservative
Elgin West Thomas Wilson Crothers (until 10 October 1911 ministerial appointment) Conservative
Thomas Wilson Crothers (by-election of 27 October 1911) Conservative
Essex North Oliver James Wilcox Conservative
Essex South Alfred Henry Clarke Liberal
Frontenac John Wesley Edwards Conservative
Glengarry John Angus McMillan Liberal
Grenville John Dowsley Reid (until 10 October 1911 ministerial appointment) Conservative
John Dowsley Reid (by-election of 27 October 1911) Conservative
Grey East Thomas Simpson Sproule Conservative
Grey North William Sora Middlebro Conservative
Grey South Robert James Ball Conservative
Haldimand Francis Ramsey Lalor Conservative
Halton David Henderson Conservative
Hamilton East Samuel Barker Conservative
Hamilton West Thomas Joseph Stewart Conservative
Hastings East William Barton Northrup Conservative
Hastings West Edward Guss Porter Conservative
Huron East James Bowman Conservative
Huron South Jonathan Joseph Merner Conservative
Huron West Edward Norman Lewis Conservative
Kent East David Alexander Gordon Liberal
Kent West Archibald Blake McCoig Liberal
Kingston William Folger Nickle Conservative
Lambton East Joseph Elijah Armstrong Conservative
Lambton West Frederick Forsyth Pardee Liberal
Lanark North William Thoburn Conservative
Lanark South John Graham Haggart (died 13 March 1913) Conservative
Adelbert Edward Hanna (by-election of 13 December 1913) Conservative
Leeds George Taylor (resigned 25 October 1911) Conservative
William Thomas White (by-election of 6 November 1911) Conservative
Lennox and Addington William James Paul Conservative
Lincoln Edward Arthur Lancaster Conservative
London Thomas Beattie (died 2 December 1914) Conservative
William Gray (by-election of 1 February 1915) Conservative
Middlesex East Peter Elson (died 11 June 1913) Conservative
Samuel Francis Glass (by-election of 21 October 1913) Conservative
Middlesex North George Adam Elliott Conservative
Middlesex West Duncan Campbell Ross Liberal
Muskoka William Wright Conservative
Nipissing George Gordon (resigned 25 October 1911) Conservative
Francis Cochrane (by-election of 8 November 1911) Conservative
Norfolk William Andrew Charlton Liberal
Northumberland East Henry Joseph Walker Conservative
Northumberland West Charles Arthur Munson Conservative
Ontario North Samuel Simpson Sharpe Conservative
Ontario South William Smith Conservative
Ottawa (City of)* John Léo Chabot Conservative
Alfred Ernest Fripp Conservative
Oxford North Edward Walter Nesbitt Liberal
Oxford South Donald Sutherland Conservative
Parry Sound James Arthurs Conservative
Peel Richard Blain Conservative
Perth North Hugh Boulton Morphy Conservative
Perth South Michael Steele Conservative
Peterborough East John Albert Sexsmith Conservative
Peterborough West John Hampden Burnham Conservative
Prescott Edmond Proulx Liberal
Prince Edward Bernard Rickart Hepburn Conservative
Renfrew North Gerald Verner White Conservative
Renfrew South Thomas Andrew Low (until resignation) Liberal
George Perry Graham (by-election of 22 February 1912) Liberal
Russell Charles Murphy Liberal
Simcoe East William Humphrey Bennett Conservative
Simcoe North John Allister Currie Conservative
Simcoe South Haughton Lennox (until judicial appointment) Conservative
William Alves Boys (by-election of 10 June 1912) Conservative
Stormont Duncan Orestes Alguire Conservative
Thunder Bay and Rainy River John James Carrick Conservative
Toronto Centre Edmund James Bristol Conservative
Toronto East Albert Edward Kemp (until ministerial appointment) Conservative
Albert Edward Kemp (by-election of 14 December 1916) Conservative
Toronto North George Eulas Foster (until ministerial appointment) Conservative
George Eulas Foster (by-election of 27 October 1911) Conservative
Toronto South Angus Claude Macdonell Conservative
Toronto West Edmund Boyd Osler Conservative
Victoria Sam Hughes (until ministerial appointment) Liberal-Conservative
Sam Hughes (by-election of 27 October 1911) Liberal-Conservative
Waterloo North William George Weichel Conservative
Waterloo South George Adam Clare (died in office) Conservative
Frank Stewart Scott (by-election of 1 February 1915) Conservative
Welland William Manly German Liberal
Wellington North William Aurelius Clarke Conservative
Wellington South Hugh Guthrie Liberal
Wentworth Gordon Crooks Wilson Conservative
York Centre Thomas George Wallace Conservative
York North John Alexander Macdonald Armstrong Conservative
York South William Findlay Maclean Independent Conservative

Prince Edward Island
Electoral district Name Party
King's James Joseph Hughes Liberal
Prince James William Richards Liberal
Queen's* Angus Alexander McLean Conservative
Donald Nicholson Conservative

Quebec
Electoral district Name Party
Argenteuil George Halsey Perley Conservative
Bagot Joseph Edmond Marcile Liberal
Beauce Henri Sévérin Béland Liberal
Beauharnois Louis-Joseph Papineau Conservative
Bellechasse Joseph Octave Lavallée Conservative
Berthier Joseph Arthur Barrette Conservative
Bonaventure Charles Marcil Liberal
Brome George Harold Baker Conservative
Chambly—Verchères Joseph Hormisdas Rainville Conservative
Champlain Pierre Édouard Blondin (until 20 October 1914 ministerial appointment) Conservative
Pierre Édouard Blondin (by-election of 7 November 1914) Conservative
Charlevoix Joseph David Rodolphe Forget Conservative
Chicoutimi—Saguenay Joseph Girard Independent Conservative
Châteauguay James Pollock Brown (died 30 May 1913) Liberal
James Morris (by-election of 11 October 1913) Conservative
Compton Frederick Robert Cromwell Conservative
Dorchester Albert Sévigny (until 8 January 1917 ministerial appointment) Conservative
Albert Sévigny (by-election of 27 January 1917) Conservative
Drummond—Arthabaska Joseph Ovide Brouillard Liberal
Gaspé Louis-Philippe Gauthier Conservative
Hochelaga Louis Coderre (until 29 October 1912 Secretary of State appointment) Conservative
Louis Coderre (by-election of 19 November 1912, until 6 October 1915 judicial appointment) Conservative
Esioff-Léon Patenaude (by-election of 15 October 1915) Conservative
Huntingdon James Alexander Robb Liberal
Jacques Cartier Frederick Debartzch Monk (until 10 October 1911 ministerial appointment) Conservative
Frederick Debartzch Monk (by-election of 27 October 1911, resigned 2 March 1914) Conservative
Joseph Adélard Descarries (by-election of 1 February 1915) Conservative
Joliette Joseph Pierre Octave Guilbault Conservative
Kamouraska Ernest Lapointe Liberal
Labelle Honoré Achim Conservative
Liberal
Laprairie—Napierville Roch Lanctôt Liberal
L'Assomption Paul-Arthur Séguin Liberal
Laval Charles Avila Wilson Liberal
Lévis Joseph Boutin Bourassa Liberal
L'Islet Eugène Paquet Conservative
Lotbinière Edmond Fortier Liberal
Maisonneuve Alphonse Verville Labour
Maskinongé Adélard Bellemare Independent Conservative
Mégantic Lucien Turcotte Pacaud Liberal
Missisquoi William Frederic Kay Liberal
Montcalm David Arthur Lafortune Liberal
Montmagny David Ovide L'Espérance Conservative
Montmorency Joseph David Rodolphe Forget Conservative
Nicolet Paul-Émile Lamarche Conservative
Pontiac Gerald Hugh Brabazon Conservative
Portneuf Michel-Siméon Delisle Liberal
Quebec-Centre Arthur Lachance Liberal
Quebec County Louis-Philippe Pelletier (until 10 October 1911 Postmaster General appointment) Conservative
Louis-Philippe Pelletier (by-election of 27 October 1911, resigned 20 October 1914) Conservative
Thomas Chase Casgrain (by-election of 7 November 1914) Conservative
Quebec East Wilfrid Laurier Liberal
Quebec West William Power Liberal
Richelieu Arthur Cardin (until election voided 29 April 1912) Liberal
Arthur Cardin (by-election of 24 October 1912) Liberal
Richmond—Wolfe Edmund William Tobin Liberal
Rimouski Herménégilde Boulay Conservative
Rouville Rodolphe Lemieux Liberal
St. Anne Charles Joseph Doherty (until 10 October 1911) Conservative
Charles Joseph Doherty (by-election of 27 October 1911) Conservative
St. Antoine Herbert Brown Ames Conservative
St. Hyacinthe Louis Joseph Gauthier Liberal
St. James Louis Audet Lapointe Liberal
St. Johns—Iberville Marie Joseph Demers Liberal
St. Lawrence Robert Bickerdike Liberal
St. Mary Médéric Martin Liberal
Shefford Georges Henri Boivin Liberal
Town of Sherbrooke Francis N. McCrea Liberal
Soulanges Wilfrid Laurier Liberal
Stanstead Charles Henry Lovell Liberal
Témiscouata Charles Arthur Gauvreau Liberal
Terrebonne Wilfrid Bruno Nantel (until 10 October 1911 ministerial appointment) Conservative
Wilfrid Bruno Nantel (by-election of 27 October 1911, until 20 October 1914 railway appointment) Conservative
Gédéon Rochon (by-election of 8 February 1915) Conservative
Three Rivers and St. Maurice Jacques Bureau Liberal
Two Mountains Joseph Arthur Calixte Éthier Liberal
Vaudreuil Gustave Benjamin Boyer Liberal
Wright Emmanuel Berchmans Devlin Liberal
Yamaska Albéric Archie Mondou Conservative

Saskatchewan
Electoral district Name Party
Assiniboia John Gillanders Turriff Liberal
Battleford Albert Champagne Liberal
Humboldt David Bradley Neely Liberal
Mackenzie Edward L. Cash Liberal
Moose Jaw William Erskine Knowles Liberal
Prince Albert James McKay (until 16 December 1914 judicial appointment) Conservative
Samuel James Donaldson (by-election of 1 February 1915) Conservative
Qu'Appelle Levi Thomson Liberal
Regina William Melville Martin Liberal
Saltcoats Thomas MacNutt Liberal
Saskatoon George Ewan McCraney Liberal

Yukon
Electoral district Name Party
Yukon Alfred Thompson Conservative

By-elections
Main article: By-elections to the 12th Canadian Parliament
By-electionDateIncumbentPartyWinnerPartyCauseRetained
Dorchester January 27, 1917 Albert Sévigny      Conservative Albert Sévigny      Conservative Recontested upon appointment as Minister of Inland Revenue Yes
Toronto East December 14, 1916 Albert Edward Kemp      Conservative Albert Edward Kemp      Conservative Recontested upon appointment as Minister of Militia and Defence Yes
Hochelaga October 15, 1915 Louis Coderre      Conservative Esioff-Léon Patenaude      Conservative Appointed a judge of the Superior Court of Quebec Yes
Terrebonne February 8, 1915 Wilfrid Bruno Nantel      Conservative Gédéon Rochon      Conservative Appointed a Railway Commissioner Yes
Westmorland February 1, 1915 Henry Emmerson      Liberal Arthur Bliss Copp      Liberal Death Yes
Jacques Cartier February 1, 1915 Frederick D. Monk      Conservative Joseph Adélard DesCarries      Conservative Resignation (ill health) Yes
Prince Albert February 1, 1915 James McKay      Conservative Samuel James Donaldson      Conservative Appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of Saskatchewan Yes
London February 1, 1915 Thomas Beattie      Conservative William Gray      Conservative Death Yes
Waterloo South February 1, 1915 George Adam Clare      Conservative Frank Stewart Scott      Conservative Death Yes
Champlain November 7, 1914 Pierre Édouard Blondin      Conservative Pierre Édouard Blondin      Conservative Recontested upon appointment as Minister of Inland Revenue Yes
Quebec County November 7, 1914 Louis-Philippe Pelletier      Conservative Thomas Chase-Casgrain      Conservative Resignation prior to being appointed a judge Yes
York December 31, 1913 Oswald Smith Crocket      Conservative Harry Fulton McLeod      Conservative Appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick Yes
Lanark South December 13, 1913 John Graham Haggart      Conservative Adelbert Edward Hanna      Conservative Death Yes
Macdonald December 13, 1913 Alexander Morrison      Conservative Alexander Morrison      Conservative Election declared void Yes
Bruce South October 30, 1913 James J. Donnelly      Conservative Reuben Eldridge Truax      Liberal Called to the Senate No
Middlesex East October 21, 1913 Peter Elson      Conservative Samuel Francis Glass      Conservative Death Yes
Châteauguay October 11, 1913 James Pollock Brown      Liberal James Morris      Conservative Death No
Portage la Prairie July 19, 1913 Arthur Meighen      Conservative Arthur Meighen      Conservative Recontested upon appointment as Solicitor General Yes
Hochelaga November 19, 1912 Louis Coderre      Conservative Louis Coderre      Conservative Recontested upon appointment as Secretary of State for Canada Yes
Carleton October 30, 1912 Edward Kidd      Conservative William Foster Garland      Conservative Death Yes
Richelieu October 24, 1912 Arthur Cardin      Liberal Arthur Cardin      Liberal Election declared void Yes
Macdonald October 12, 1912 William D. Staples      Conservative Alexander Morrison      Conservative Appointed Grain Commissioner for Canada Yes
Simcoe South June 10, 1912 Haughton Lennox      Conservative William Alves Boys      Conservative Appointed a judge Yes
Kootenay May 30, 1912 Arthur Samuel Goodeve      Conservative Robert Francis Green      Conservative Appointed a Railway Commissioner Yes
Renfrew South February 22, 1912 Thomas Andrew Low      Liberal George Perry Graham      Liberal Resignation Yes
Nipissing November 8, 1911 George Gordon      Conservative Francis Cochrane      Conservative Called to the Senate Yes
Leeds November 6, 1911 George Taylor      Conservative William Thomas White      Conservative Called to the Senate Yes
Yale—Cariboo November 4, 1911 Martin Burrell      Conservative Martin Burrell      Conservative Recontested upon appointment as Minister of Agriculture Yes
Halifax October 27, 1911 Robert Borden      Conservative Robert Borden      Conservative Recontested upon appointment as Prime Minister Yes
Elgin West October 27, 1911 Thomas Wilson Crothers      Conservative Thomas Wilson Crothers      Conservative Recontested upon appointment as Minister of Labour Yes
St. Anne October 27, 1911 Charles Doherty      Conservative Charles Doherty      Conservative Recontested upon appointment as Minister of Justice Yes
Toronto North October 27, 1911 George Eulas Foster      Conservative George Eulas Foster      Conservative Recontested upon appointment as Minister of Trade and Commerce Yes
City and County of St. John October 27, 1911 John Waterhouse Daniel      Conservative John Douglas Hazen      Conservative Resignation to provide a seat for Hazen Yes
Victoria October 27, 1911 Sam Hughes      Liberal-Conservative Sam Hughes      Liberal-Conservative Recontested upon appointment as Minister of Militia and Defence Yes
Jacques Cartier October 27, 1911 Frederick Debartzch Monk      Conservative Frederick Debartzch Monk      Conservative Recontested upon appointment as Minister of Public Works Yes
Terrebonne October 27, 1911 Wilfrid Bruno Nantel      Conservative Wilfrid Bruno Nantel      Conservative Recontested upon appointment as Minister of Inland Revenue Yes
Quebec County October 27, 1911 Louis-Philippe Pelletier      Conservative Louis-Philippe Pelletier      Conservative Recontested upon appointment as Postmaster-General Yes
Grenville October 27, 1911 John Dowsley Reid      Conservative John Dowsley Reid      Conservative Recontested upon appointment as Minister of Customs Yes
Marquette October 27, 1911 William James Roche      Conservative William James Roche      Conservative Recontested upon appointment as Secretary of State for Canada Yes
Winnipeg October 27, 1911 Alexander Haggart      Conservative Robert Rogers      Conservative Resignation to provide a seat for Rogers Yes

References
  • Government of Canada. "9th Ministry". Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation. Privy Council Office. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  • Government of Canada. "12th Parliament". Members of the House of Commons: 1867 to Date: By Parliament. Library of Parliament. Archived from the original on 20 December 2006. Retrieved 30 November 2006.
  • Government of Canada. "Duration of Sessions". Library of Parliament. Archived from the original on 14 November 2007. Retrieved 12 May 2006.
  • Government of Canada. "General Elections". Library of Parliament. Archived from the original on 4 May 2006. Retrieved 12 May 2006.
  • Government of Canada. "Key Dates for each Parliament". Library of Parliament. Archived from the original on 14 September 2005. Retrieved 12 May 2006.
  • Government of Canada. "Leaders of the Opposition in the House of Commons". Library of Parliament. Archived from the original on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 12 May 2006.
  • Government of Canada. "Prime Ministers of Canada". Library of Parliament. Archived from the original on 27 April 2006. Retrieved 12 May 2006.
  • Government of Canada. "Speakers". Library of Parliament. Archived from the original on 17 September 2006. Retrieved 12 May 2006.

Succession
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