1881 Nicobar Islands earthquake
The 1881 Nicobar Islands earthquake occurred at about 07:49 local time (01:49 UTC) on 31 December, with an epicentre beneath Car Nicobar. It occurred as two separate ruptures, the largest of which had an estimated magnitude of 7.9 on the moment magnitude scale and triggered a tsunami that was observed around the Bay of Bengal. It is probably the earliest earthquake for which rupture parameters have been estimated instrumentally.[3]
  Mangalore Colombo Chennai Kolkata Banda Aceh Kathmandu  | |
| Local date | 31 December 1881 |
|---|---|
| Local time | 07:49 |
| Magnitude | 7.9 Mw |
| Epicenter | 9.25°N 92.70°E[1] |
| Areas affected | India, Andaman and Nicobar Islands |
| Max. intensity | VII (Damaging)[2] |
| Tsunami | yes |
| Casualties | none reported |
Tectonic setting
The Nicobar Islands are a series of volcanic islands that are part of an active volcanic arc, formed above the subduction zone where the Indo-Australian Plate passes beneath the Burma Plate. The convergence along this plate boundary is highly oblique, with the plate vector running at a low angle to the boundary. Most of the strike-slip component of the convergence is accommodated by the Great Sumatran fault, which passes northwards into the Andaman Sea spreading centre.[3] This plate boundary has been the location of many historical megathrust earthquakes. The 1881 rupture area lies almost entirely within that for the Mw 9.2 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, while rupturing less than a third of its down-dip width.[1]
Damage
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands suffered some damage, although the only masonry buildings affected were in Port Blair, including an infantry barrack and a chimney, both of which suffered severe cracking. On Car Nicobar, the coconut plantations and native huts were extensively damaged and sand volcanoes were observed.[3] There were no reported casualties associated with either the earthquake or the subsequent tsunami.[4]
Characteristics
| Selected EMS-98 intensities | ||
| Intensity | Locations | |
|---|---|---|
| VII (Damaging) | Car Nicobar | |
| VI (Slightly damaging) | Port Blair | |
| V (Strong) | Chennai | |
| IV (Largely observed) | Banda Aceh, Colombo | |
| III (Weak) | Kolkata | |
| II (Scarcely felt) | Kathmandu, Mangalore | |
| Martin & Szeliga 2010 | ||
Earthquake
The earthquake was very widely felt with reports from many parts of mainland India, Burma and Sumatra, a total area of 2,000,000 square miles (5,200,000 km2).[3] The rupture area, and therefore the magnitude, has been calculated by modelling the observed tsunami arrival times and heights. Two rupture areas have been identified.[1] The larger, and more southerly, measured 150 km x 60 km dipping about 20° to the east with a displacement of 2.7 metres (8.9 ft) and a smaller area to the north dipping 15° to the east with a displacement of 0.9 m (3.0 ft). The larger gives an estimated Mw 7.9 event and the smaller a Mw 7.0 event.[1]
Tsunami
The tsunami was recorded by eleven of a series of continuous tide gauges around the Bay of Bengal that had recently been deployed by the Great Trigonometric Survey of India.[3] The ten gauges on the Indian mainland were synchronised using a telegraph to Madras (Chennai) time, while that at Port Blair was set by a chronometer linked to local time. The maximum recorded wave height was 1.22 m (4.0 ft) at Nagapattinam.[3]
References
- Bilham, R.; Engdahl R., Feldl N. & Satyabala S.P. (2005). "Partial and Complete Rupture of the Indo-Andaman Plate Boundary 1847–2004" (PDF). Seismological Research Letters. 76 (3): 299–311. doi:10.1785/gssrl.76.3.299. Retrieved 20 November 2010.
- Martin, S.; Szeliga, W. (2010), "A Catalog of Felt Intensity Data for 570 Earthquakes in India from 1636 to 2009", Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Electronic Supplement (table S2), Seismological Society of America, 100 (2): 562–569, Bibcode:2010BuSSA.100..562M, doi:10.1785/0120080328, archived from the original on 2016-11-12, retrieved 2017-02-16
- Ortiz, M.; Bilham R. (2003). "Source area and rupture parameters of the 31 December 1881 Mw = 7.9 Car Nicobar earthquake estimated from tsunamis recorded in the Bay of Bengal" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. American Geophysical Union. 108 (B4): 2215. Bibcode:2003JGRB..108.2215O. doi:10.1029/2002JB001941.
- National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
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