1990 in the Soviet Union

• January 12 – Baku pogrom[1]
• January 19–20 – Black January[2]

• March 4 – 1990 Russian Supreme Soviet election
• March 11 – Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania[3]

• May 4 – Declaration "On the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia"
• May 6 – Bridge of Flowers
• May 9 – 1990 Moscow Victory Day Parade[4]
• May 16 – Congress of People's Deputies of Russia is established
• May 30–31 – 1990 Vrancea earthquakes

• June 1 – 1990 Chemical Weapons Accord
• June 4–6 – Osh riots
• June 7–8 – 1990 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church
• June 12 – Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
• June 19 – Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic is established

• Unknown date – Gazprombank was founded.
• July 14 – The 28th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union is elected
• July 14 – Central Committee elected by the 28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
• July 16 – Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine
• July 27 – Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic

• August 10 – Tbilisi–Agdam bus bombing
• August 30 – The 500 Days program is established

• October 11 – Declaration of State Sovereignty of Bashkortostan
• October 17 – VTB Bank was founded.
• October 24 – Soviet nuclear tests
• October 27 – Askar Akayev is elected as the 1st President of Kyrgyzstan[5]
• October 27 – The first episode of Pole Chudes is presented

November 7 – The Last Parade of The October Revolution takes on Moscow's Red Square on 73th Anniversary of the Bolsheviks Seizure of Power[6]

• 2 January — Leonhard Merzin, Soviet actor
• 4 January — Boris Nikolsky, Soviet chemist
• 5 January — Genrikh Sidorenkov, Soviet ice hockey player
• 6 January — Pavel Cherenkov, Soviet physicist and Nobel Prize recipient (1958)
• 19 January
  • Alexander Pechersky, Soviet soldier and humanitarian
  • Movses Gorgisyan, Soviet Armenian independence activist and soldier
  • Maharram Seyidov, Soviet Azerbaijani soldier
• 26 January — Dodo Abashidze, Soviet actor and film director

• 2 February — Paul Ariste, Soviet linguist
• 16 February — Volodymyr Shcherbytsky, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine (1972-1989)
• 22 February — Evald Seepere, Soviet Estonian boxer
• 23 February — David Samoylov, Russian poet

• 4 March
  • Konstantin Kokkinaki, Soviet fighter and test pilot
  • Vasily Margelov, Soviet general
• 7 March — Shenork I Kaloustian of Constantinople, Soviet Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople (since 1963)
• 9 March — George Costakis, Soviet collector of Russian art
• 14 March — Yuri Sokolov, Soviet Olympic judoka (1988) and criminal
• 15 March — Mykola Makhynia, Soviet and Ukrainian football player and coach
• 20 March — Lev Yashin, Soviet footballer
• 30 March — Vladimir Stolnikov, Soviet boxer

• 4 April
  • Leonid Dushkin, Soviet rocket scientist.
  • Mark Fradkin, Soviet composer
• 5 April — Lev Skvirsky, Soviet general
• 6 April — Yevgeny Savitsky, Soviet fighter ace during World War II
• 19 April — Sergey Filippov, Soviet and Russian actor and comedian
• 24 April
  • Endel Pärn, Soviet actor and singer
  • Vladimir Saprykin, Soviet Red Army officer and war hero
• 27 April — Vladimir Kanygin, Soviet middleweight weightlifter
• 30 April
  • Vasili Yermasov, Soviet football player.
  • Mark Zborowski, Soviet anthropologist and spy

• 3 May — Pimen I of Moscow, Soviet patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church (since 1970)
• 11 May — Venedikt Yerofeyev, Soviet writer and dissident
• 12 May — Andrei Kirilenko, Soviet statesman and politician
• 15 May
  • Porfiry Krylov, Soviet painter and graphic artist
  • Anna Schchian, Soviet botanist
• 24 May — Julijans Vaivods, Soviet Roman Catholic cardinal
• 26 May — Varlen Pen, Soviet painter
• 28 May — Inna Gulaya, Soviet actress

• 1 June — Natalia Tkachenko, Soviet painter
• 4 June — Yulian Bromley, Soviet anthropologist
• 5 June — Vasili Kuznetsov, Soviet politician, acting chairman (1982–1983, 1984, 1985)
• 6 June
  • Sobir Kamolov, Soviet politician
  • Fyodor Remezov, Soviet general
• 11 June — Irakly Andronikov, Soviet and Russian literature historian and media personality
• 14 June — Ralf Liivar, Soviet football player
• 17 June — Aleksandrs Leimanis, Soviet film director
• 19 June — Aleksandr Goncharov, Soviet field hockey player and Olympian
• 22 June
  • Marat Podoksin, Soviet painter
  • Ilya Frank, Soviet nuclear physicist, Nobel Prize recipient (1958)
• 25 June — Yevgeniya Sechenova, Soviet Olympic runner (1952)
• 28 June — Borys Ivchenko, Ukrainian actor and film director

• 1 July – Ivan Serov, Head of the KGB (1954–1958)
• 4 July — Pavel Utkin, Soviet painter
• 10 July – Sergei Rudenko, Soviet general
• 12 July – Savkuz Dzarasov, Soviet wrestler and Olympic medalist
• 15 July
  • Oleg Kagan, Soviet violinist
  • Enn Roos, Soviet sculptor
• 16 July
  • Mikhail Matusovsky, Soviet poet
  • Valentin Pikul, Soviet novelist
• 17 July – Lidiya Ginzburg, Soviet literary critic
• 19 July
  • Georgi Burkov, Soviet actor
  • Gusman Kosanov, Soviet Olympic sprinter (1960, 1964)
• 20 July – Sergei Parajanov, Soviet filmmaker
• 22 July – Eduard Streltsov, Soviet footballer

• 2 August — Vladilen Nikiforov, Soviet painter
• 6 August — Baqi Urmançe, Tatar-Soviet painter, sculptor, and graphic artist
• 15 August - Viktor Tsoi, Soviet singer and songwriter
• 22 August – Boris Shcherbina, Soviet politician
• 24 August – Sergei Dovlatov, Soviet writer
• 29 August – Solomon Mikhlin, Soviet mathematician
• 30 August — Timofey Ksenofontov, Soviet painter
• 31 August – Sergey Volkov, Soviet figure skater and Olympian

• 1 September – Afanasy Beloborodov, Soviet general
• 3 September
  • Slava Amiragov, Soviet Olympic rower (1952, 1956)
  • Eugene Martynov, Soviet singer
• 8 September – Boris Tenin, Soviet actor
• 9 September
  • Alexander Men, Soviet theologian
  • Anatoly Sofronov, Soviet writer
  • Rimantas Stankevičius, Soviet cosmonaut and pilot
• 14 September – Leonid Ivanov, Soviet footballer
• 15 September – Valentin Filatyev, Soviet cosmonaut
• 16 September – Semyon Kurkotkin, Soviet general
• 21 September – Alexander Konstantinopolsky, Soviet chess player
• 27 September – Matvey Blanter, Soviet composer "Katyusha"

• 4 October – Sergey Lapin, Soviet diplomat
• 9 October – Boris Paichadze, Soviet footballer
• 14 October – Irina Odoyevtseva, Soviet poet, novelist and memoirist
• 15 October – Boris Piotrovsky, Soviet archaeologist
• 18 October – Pyotr Fedoseyev, Soviet philosopher
• 22 October – Nikolay Rybnikov, Soviet and Russian film actor
• 24 October — Boris Maluev, Soviet painter and graphic artist
• 25 October – Zara Mints, Soviet literary scientist
• 28 October
  • Aleksandra Chudina, Soviet athlete
  • Kolau Nadiradze, Soviet poet
• 29 October – Aleksei Alelyukhin, Soviet flying ace during World War II

• 3 November – Nikolai Rakov, Soviet violinist
• 5 November – Suleiman Yudakov, Soviet and Tajikistani musician
• 7 November — Stepan Privedentsev, Soviet painter
• 14 November – Leonid Trauberg, Soviet and Ukrainian film director and screenwriter
• 16 November – Dmitri Skobeltsyn, Soviet physicist
• 19 November – Georgy Flyorov, Soviet nuclear physicist, namesake of flerovium
• 25 November – Merab Mamardashvili, Soviet philosopher

• 1 December – Anton Kochinyan, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Armenia (1966-1974)
• 3 December – Heino Mandri, Estonian film and stage actor
• 8 December – Boris Kochno, Russian dancer, librettist and poet
• 15 December – Mikayil Jabrayilov, Soviet Azerbaijani soldier
• 21 December – Ivan Knunyants, Soviet chemist
• 25 December
  • Vladimir Belousov, Soviet geologist
  • Aleksandr Luchinskiy, Soviet general
• 27 December – Abulfat Aliyev, Soviet and Azerbaijani opera singer
• 31 December – Vasily Lazarev, Soviet cosmonaut